This monograph was written for the Conference on the New Instructional Materials in Physics, held at the University of Washington in summer, 1965. It is designed for college students who are non-physics majors, and is organized in sections of increasing sophistication. Section 1 presents ideas related to the kinetic theory of gases. Section 2 deals with games of chance, precision measurements, quality control, and biological variation. In section 3, the binomial and other distributions are discussed. The statistics of pure chance are translated into the statistics of a gas system in section 4. The distribution in space of gas molecules, molecular velocities, phase space, distribution in phase space and the Maxwell-Boltzmann gas are topics treated in this section. The monograph concludes with a bibliography of suggested readings. (LC)