This was an empirical study of actual processes of change as they were induced and as they occurred in a number of Indian communities. The tools were: a questionnaire composed of a number of schedules prepared for this purpose; case studies of leaders and of action situations; case histories of community institutions; an attitude study; and an opinion study of a selected sample each from either of the groups. Great effort and care by the investigators lay in ascertaining the social and emotional needs prevailing in the villages studied. Once these needs were thoroughly understood it was possible to introduce new institutions that could be accepted by the inhabitants and thus integrated into the social fabric and mainstream of their lives. As a comparative study it showed the necessity of coming to grips with perceptual and cognitive categories of community members. In communities where non-social work techniques were employed by the government the desired revisions in social structure failed. (nl)