Reviewed are findings in the literature of racial differences in intelligence which are consistent in revealing "real differences in test performance between Negroes and whites." The interpretation that these racial differences are due to cultural bias in the tests is denied. A discussion of the genetic vs. environmental etiology of the differences notes that the fundamental issue should be the relative effectiveness of various educational procedures which might reduce racial differences in ability, if in fact they are due to certain environmental factors. Also mentioned are the reported socioeconomic, geographic, and individual differences which must be considered in educational research and practice oriented toward equal educational opportunity. (NH)