This document is the report of a conference attended by an international group of specialists in mathematics and learning. It was convened by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Education. The general objective of the conference was to examine problems concerning mathematics reform in the primary schools. Accordingly, the participants were drawn mostly from those specialists who had been involved in reform activities at either the primary or the secondary level. The material in this report is presented in three sections. These are devoted, respectively, to an analysis of the general discussions that took place at the conference, to an account of the components of reform--consisting of contributions made by four discussion groups and a paper prepared by a participant--and, finally, to the national reports submitted by representatives of projects taking place in various countries. (RP)