This conference paper points out underlying assumptions about current social events and relates contemporary actions to ultimate goals. Attention is drawn to a broader view of economic, social, and political factors and to the need for shifting from an examination of poverty to a critical awareness of the issues of inequality. Also discussed is the significance of "institutional changes in education and social service organizations." Within this frame of reference, the paper is concerned with the "rediscovery" of poverty in the United States, the nonincome factors affecting economic position, the significance of education, and the development of a "diploma elite." The issues of political participation and political pressure are also discussed. It is felt that social scientists can provide perspectives and a focus for these problems. The reactions of several conference participants to this paper are included. (NH)