NEGRO SLAVERY WAS DEEPLY ENTRENCHED BY THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR AND THE "PLACE" OF THE NEGRO CLEARLY DEFINED IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THE REPUBLIC. EVEN THE MORE LIBERAL NORTHERNERS FELT THAT NEGROES SHOULD BE ISOLATED FROM THE MAINSTREAM, I.E., IN SEPARATE SCHOOLS WHICH TAUGHT VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS, WHILE SOUTHERNERS PROPOSED COLONIZATION SCHEMES (REPATRIATION) AS A MEANS OF SEPARATING THE RACES. BY THE TIME OF THE CIVIL WAR THE NEGRO WAS WIDELY HELD TO BE DIFFERENT AND INFERIOR. DURING THE WAR AND THE RECONSTRUCTION ERAS THERE WERE NO MEANINGFUL STRIDES TOWARD ELIMINATING RACIAL BARRIERS, AND IN THE FOLLOWING DECADES THE SOUTH BEGAN TO LEGISLATE INEQUALITY AND SEGREGATION BY STATUTE. CONSEQUENTLY, NEGROES DEVELOPED THEIR OWN NEWSPAPERS, CHURCHES, AND ORGANIZATIONS. THE PERIOD FOLLOWING WORLD WAR I WAS ONE IN WHICH RACISM WAS MAINTAINED--DESPITE THE CHANGES DURING THE 1930'S--AND NOT UNTIL THE POST-WORLD WAR II PERIOD WERE EFFORTS MADE TO ATTACK EXISTING RACIAL POLICIES. THE STATE AND ITS POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS ARE THE MOST POWERFUL FORCES PERPETUATING RACIAL SEPARATION. POLITICIANS AND OFFICIALS BOTH LEAD AND REFLECT LOCAL DISCRIMINATORY SENTIMENTS, AND THE COMMUNITY ITSELF HAS SPAWNED WHITE SUPREMACIST GROUPS (THE KU KLUX KLAN AND CITIZENS COUNCILS). BIGOTS HAVE SOUGHT JUSTIFICATION IN AMERICAN HISTORY IN THEIR EFFORTS TO RESIST DESEGREGATION AND EQUALITY. THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED IN THE FALL 1965 ISSUE OF DAEDALUS, AN ISSUE ON "THE NEGRO AMERICAN," AND IS AVAILABLE FROM THE PUBLISHER AS A BACK ISSUE. MATERIAL IN THE ISSUE WAS ALSO PUBLISHED AS A BOOK, HOUGHTON MIFFLIN, 1966, $9.50. (NH)