Reading is a process of forming and evaluating hypotheses to account for the data in a text. Because of its complexity, the task of reading requires strategies for controlling the proliferation of hypotheses. Four of these strategies are (1) jumping to conclusions, (2) maintaining inertia (refusing to abandon a hypothesis in spite of contradictory…

Internal validity is described as a matter of how well a particular instance of data collection or generation can be described and explained. It is a property of the procedures used in the collection or generation of data. The notion of internal validity is examined in order to establish a method of quantitatively estimating it. A coefficient of…

The influence of expectations and hypothesis testing on subjects' use of particular types of evidence to estimate covariations was investigated. Results of the first study indicated that all subjects relied most on positive confirming evidence and did not over-utilize evidence that was consistent with expectations. Results of the second study…

SELF-REPORTS OF INTERACTION AMONG 100 GRADUATE STUDENTS IN TWO SECTIONS OF A FIVE-WEEK SUMMER SESSION COURSE IN ELEMENTARY STATISTICS WERE ANALYZED IN AN ATTEMPT TO INCREASE UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL ASSOCIATION AMONG HIGHLY SPECIALIZED PERSONS. SUMMARIES WERE COMPILED FOR 1203 INSTANCES OF INTERACTION--408 OF MUTUAL STUDY-HELP, 388 OF HELP GIVEN TO…

This paper presents two extensions of the full-rank multivariate linear model that are particularly useful in multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and repeated measurements designs. After a review of the basic full-rank model, an extension is described which allows restrictions of a more general nature. This model is useful in the…

The overjustification hypothesis predicts decreased intrinsic motivation when persons are paid to perform an interesting task. The factors of reward experience, socioeconomic status (SES), and sex are examined while testing conflicting predictions of the hypothesis and reinforcement theory. Children from grade 1 at two public elementary schools…

Replicating the work of others who hypothesized that status inconsistancy increases political liberalism, this study involved a random sample of rural Michigan population. Utilizing multiple regression analysis, respondents were scored on the variables of occupation, income, education, religion, and political party preference. Hypotheses tested…

A data book designed for use by high school seniors to investigate the problems and processes of nation-building in Africa south of the Sahara today has been prepared. The book consists of two parts. Part I contains descriptions of the geographic, social, economic, political, and historical features of 24 sub-Saharan African nation-states. Part II…

To meet the educational goals of his school, a principal would benefit from a knowledge of the informal interpersonal relationships present in his school. Through sociograms and the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire (OCDQ), five hypotheses of informal organization relationships were tested. Four hypotheses were supported by…

Of the three interpersonal needs measured by Schutz's FIRO-B Scale (expressed and wanted inclusion, control, and affection), it is hypothesized that (1) control will be the most salient need perceived in subordinates by immediate supervisors, and (2) the immediate superior of a given subordinate will be more likely to evidence a control…

The purpose of the present study was to investigate empirically the effects of violations of the assumption of homogeneity of within-group regression slopes on levels of significance in the F test of fixed-effects ANCOVA (analysis of covariance). The study used a Monte Carlo computer simulation procedure to generate data under the following…

When analysis of variance is used, statistically significant differences may or may not be of practical significance to educators. A large part of the problem is due to the fact that a "zero difference" null hypothesis can always be rejected statistically if the sample size is large enough. If, however, a method based on the noncentral F…

Based on a Monte Carlo simulation, this study is designed to investigate the power of the Kruskal-Wallis's H-test compared to the power of the F-test for three equal moderate sample sizes drawn at random from distributions of common or different shapes but for which the population distributions have equal variances. The distributions are the…

The purpose of this study was to assess any changes in cognitions and attitudes in relation to Organizational Development (OD) goals and procedures that may have occurred among the 65 participants who attended an initial training event. The goals of this event were to establish widespread understanding and favorable attitudes about organization…

This paper suggests ways of structuring the content of feedback experimentally to test hypotheses of interest. Use of the feedback process in this manner suggests a variety of research and intervention tactics, many of them unexplored and some of them implying ethically questionable conduct. Consideration of this question also helps illuminate the…