Meta-analytic studies of second language (L2) learning typically employ a classic approach to meta-analysis. Although the classic approach can clarify findings, a multivariate, multilevel meta-analysis (3M) approach increases transparency by accounting for (a) dependencies in the evidence presented by primary studies, (b) methodological…

This article presents findings from a qualitative content analysis of 531 Little Golden Books that contain early childhood marginalia--any physical alteration of a book, resulting from an exercise of reader agency by a child from birth through eight years old. The primary goals of the present study were to expand the reach of this methodology by…

The present study compared learning gains at both form recall and meaning recall levels across three learning conditions: viewing without note-taking, viewing with conventional note-taking, and viewing with guided note-taking. A total of 134 Chinese learners of English were assigned to three experimental groups and a no-treatment control group.…

Students have different study habits from one another and from location to location. It is a crucial component of education since students' study practices have a big effect on their achievement in academics. Parents, educators, administrators, and members of the public are increasingly concerned about the poor level of mathematical comprehension…

Background: Taking notes during learning has benefits both during class (through writing things down to encode information) and after class (by using written notes as external storage for revision). Comparisons of note-taking methods (i.e., using paper or a computer) have mainly shown that paper leads to better learning. However, previous studies…

Background: Many instructors transitioned their courses from face-to-face environments to computer-mediated learning environments (CMLEs) following the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, little was known about how teleconferencing platforms and their corresponding functions affect student learning when the COVID-19…

Guided notes in the form of teacher-prepared materials that guide students through the lesson with cues and space have been recommended as a possible aid to support student learning. The present study investigated the results of guided notes on the students' learning achievement, the quality of the students' notes, and the students' perceptions of…

Introduction: "Note-taking" is a learning strategy that requires tremendous importance in the teaching/learning process. It therefore allows for better information processing and deeper encoding (long-term memory) of information. Its adoption and mastery can improve students' learning performance. Nevertheless, it has been poorly…

Guided notes are an instructional strategy used to help students retain facts, concepts, and skills. Evidence for the effectiveness of guided notes with school-aged children diagnosed with high incidence disabilities is well documented, but research with postsecondary participants has had mixed results, and there has been little to no research on…

Note-taking is a commonly applied pedagogical strategy across all areas of education. In higher education specifically, there has been an increasing push to get students involved in collaborative note-taking in order to increase their engagement with the contents and to inspire deeper and more meaningful learning. However, there is a lack of…

This study analyzed the contribution of spontaneous note-taking when undergraduates studied expository texts and videos. The study examined whether spontaneous note-taking had any effect on comprehension and if it was different for digital texts, presentation videos, or videos with decorative, irrelevant images. In addition, it explored whether…

There are three unique cognitive mechanisms during note taking: generative processing, summarization, and sustained attention. Generative processing is active construction of associations between novel information and prior knowledge and experiences. Summarization forces identification of the most pertinent information to create a coherent…

The COVID-19 pandemic produced a unique opportunity to examine undergraduate students' notetaking practices for online courses. In this large survey study (n = 584), we examined how students' notetaking changed from before to during emergency online instruction and how students used their notes during this time. Our findings suggest that students…

Note-taking is a critical part of interpreting teaching and learning. During note-taking training, feedback is crucial to help student interpreters hone relevant skills, and the effectiveness of feedback hinges on students' engagement. This case study investigates students' affective, cognitive, and behavioural engagement with feedback on notes…

This quasi-experimental study investigated the efficacy of two distinct approaches for vocabulary learning, namely vocabulary notebooks and word lists, specifically in the context of learning medical terms. Sixty first-year undergraduate EFL students enrolled in an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) medical course were recruited and divided…