Use of complex noun phrases, complex nominals, and other nominalized expressions has been a controversial characteristics of academic and professional writing. To the specialist community it is an indispensable linguistic device that brings precision and clarity and removes ambiguity by promoting text cohesion and facilitating reference to…

Although reliability and validity are characteristics of test data, social scientists often attribute reliability and validity erroneously to the tests themselves. To determine the extent to which this problem exists, 150 reliability and validity studies selected from 3 prominent social science measurement journals over a 3-year period were…

A study of codeswitching patterns in American speakers of Finnish, primarily at the syntactic level, is presented. Subjects are 21 Finnish-English bilinguals aged 8 to 91 years, whose speech in naturally occurring speech situations was recorded and analyzed for intrasentential codeswitching. The analysis looked at (1) how much codeswitching could…

In two previous studies, language learner behavior in which the learner tries to underproduce a certain second-language (L2) structure is termed "avoidance." The current analysis examines whether this is an appropriate term. Avoidance is defined as a genuine strategy resulting from the learner's realization that particular forms of input…

The role of the French language in Flanders, a region of Belgium, is described. First, the region's characteristics are summarized, including its size, population, language distribution, economy, exports, and vacation migration patterns. Next, Belgium's overall linguistic situation, in which each of three regions has its own language, is outlined…

This compilation presents materials related to Andover's Integrated Reading System (AIRS), which provides quality education for first through eighth grade promoting consistency of curricula throughout the system, competence in teaching skills for mastery, student enjoyment of literature, and significant growth in reading scores. The compilation…

This collection of seven papers addresses language policy in Europe, focusing on the role of national and supranational language policy on European integration. The papers include: (1) "Language Policy for the 21st Century: Lessons from History" (Gyorgy Szepe); (2) "Lessons for Eastern Europe from Language Policy in Africa"…

A discussion of English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) teaching focuses on the relationship of lexical items to the syntactic situations in which they may occur, and the importance of teaching this relationship to language learners. First, common errors made by ESL students that are attributable to lack of syntactic context knowledge are identified.…

The integration of peace education into the English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) and English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) curriculum is discussed. Peace education is designed to break the negative chain of violence in interpersonal and international relations, and offers learners humanistic approaches to difficult questions that may leave individuals…

Responding to the expressed need of classroom teachers and teacher educators for a listing of available video resources which can be used for preservice and inservice education for literacy providers, this annotated bibliography identifies video resources which most fully capitalize on the potential of the medium by portraying literacy teachers…

To inform discussions of revising the curriculum of junior secondary schools in Western Samoa, a series of structured observations of classrooms was conducted. Data from 145 classes, covering Business/Commercial Studies, English Home Economics, Manual Arts, Mathematics, Samoan Studies, Science and Social Science, were analyzed. With the exception…

If English teachers are going to clean up language and strive toward literacy, they need to stop using phrases that are meaningless, such as "prior knowledge,""dyslexia,""learning disabilities," and "at-risk." The persistent misuse of language moves the United States closer to becoming a remedial nation.…

The process and issues of labeling language program models is discussed insofar as it may affect the objectives, content, and method of instruction. The first section describes the origins, stated objectives, and implementation of a Neuchatel (Switzerland) school program integrating heritage language and culture into the school curriculum, noting…

This study investigated the relationship between ideology and speech patterns in Modern Israeli Hebrew. Eighty native speakers of university age were provided with descriptions of events in which some desired object or information was the goal, then asked what they would say to attain the goal and to construct examples of stylized uses of speech…

Role-playing is proposed as an ideal technique to teach language because it prepares learners for the unpredictable nature of real-life communication, teaches appropriate language use, and boosts self-confidence. Theories that have paved the way for the current communicative approach to language teaching are reviewed, role-playing is defined, and…