In this paper, we investigate two purported problems with Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT), a popular statistical model of student learning: "identifiability" and "semantic model degeneracy." In 2007, Beck and Chang stated that BKT is susceptible to an "identifiability problem"--various models with different…

Fisher randomization tests for Neyman's null hypothesis of no average treatment effects are considered in a finite population setting associated with completely randomized experiments with more than two treatments. The consequences of using the F statistic to conduct such a test are examined both theoretically and computationally, and it is argued…

Misclassification means the observed category is different from the underlying one and it is a form of measurement error in categorical data. The measurement error in continuous, especially normally distributed, data is well known and studied in the literature. But the misclassification in a binary outcome variable has not yet drawn much attention…

Growth curve models are widely used for investigating growth and change phenomena. Many studies in social and behavioral sciences have demonstrated that data without any outlying observation are rather an exception, especially for data collected longitudinally. Ignoring the existence of outlying observations may lead to inaccurate or even…

We explore how advances in our understanding of the genetics of complex traits such as educational attainment could constructively be leveraged to advance research on education and learning. We discuss concepts and misconceptions about genetic findings with regard to causes, consequences, and policy. Our main thesis is that educational attainment…

The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of the 5E teaching model on the primary school pre-service teachers' (PSPTs) learning some astronomy concepts. The sample of this research consisted of 90 PSPTs in the 2nd year at a state university. The research was carried out on the pre-experimental methodology with a single research group.…

Natural Language Processing (NLP) platforms have recently reported a higher adoption rate of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between NLP and AI in the application of linguistic tasks related to morphology, parsing, and semantics. To achieve this objective, a theoretical…

This paper aims at highlighting the 4MAT Model as a teaching procedure in teaching English Language for undergraduate students at colleges and Universities. Moreover, the current study tries to focus on using the 4MAT model as a framework for teaching and learning English as a Foreign Language based on the principles of learning methods and their…

Postdoctoral scholars constitute a sizeable population within the academic workforce. Given the intended role of a postdoc position as a time of advanced training and professional development for a future academic career, particularly in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields, it is important to understand whether and how well…

South Africa's new occupational and vocational qualifications require assessment centres with a national footprint to conduct national summative assessments which are convenient and cost effective for learners. This new assessment process requires specialised facilities, but few current facilities can provide these. The research project proposed a…

The development of visual expertise is accompanied by enhanced visual object recognition memory within an expert domain. We aimed to understand the relationship between expertise and memory by modeling cognitive mechanisms. Participants with a measured range of birding expertise were recruited and tested on memory for birds (expert domain) and…

In past decades, researchers have conducted a myriad of masked priming lexical decision experiments aimed at unveiling the early processes underlying lexical access. A relatively overlooked question is whether a masked unrelated wordlike/unwordlike prime influences the processing of the target stimuli. If participants apply to the primes the same…

Despite what we have learned about the causes and consequences of bullying, efforts to reduce bullying through interventions to date have yielded modest results. Most bullying prevention efforts have targeted perpetrators and victims, ignoring the powerful role that observers play in maintaining cycles of bullying. This article presents literature…

The internationalisation of higher education, which has developed from a number of separate initiatives to become a strategic objective in its own right, has not been investigated from a strategic organisational perspective. Case studies of four English universities were developed via a Grounded Theory methodology. Mintzberg and Waters' [1985.…

Metacognitive strategies are needed to solve complex problems such as mathematical modelling problems in groups in a goal-oriented and successful manner. In this paper, the results of an intervention study aiming at enhancing students metacognitive group strategies for modelling are presented. Students from 18 different classes (grade nine and…