Two nonentrenched tasks are described, one requiring projection into the future of states of objects, the other requiring complex anological reasoning where multiple terms of analogies can be replaced by alternative answer options. Some speculations are made about the implications of these results for educational theory and practice. (Author/GK)

The way in which skilled long jumpers regulate their gait during their run-up to the takeoff board was investigated. The run-up consists of (1) an initial accelerative phase, and (2) a zeroing-in phase. Their skill varied with the adjustment of the impulse of their steps toward the end of the run-up. (Author/BW)

In order to test later cognitive status from infant behavioral performance, 76 preterm infants were assessed with respect to differences in sustained attention when they were eight months old. The measure of sustained attention proved to contribute significantly to the prediction of later status on the Bayley Mental Scale and on the Gessell…

Female and male students were administered the Career Decision Scale and the Vocational Preference Inventory in order to test the hypothesis that indecision is negatively related to occupational interest differentiation in an adult population. Results indicate interest differentiation did not appear to be a reliable indicator of vocational…

Ten possible sources of individual and developmental differences in memory span--rehearsal, grouping, chunking, retrieval strategies, item identification, item ordering, capacity, susceptibility to interference, search rate, and output buffer--were examined in a review of the literature. Speed with which presented items can be identified emerged…

A family of models for the representation and assessment of individual differences for multivariate data called PINDIS (Procrustean Individual Differences Scaling) is presented. PINDIS sheds new light on the interpretability and applicability of a variety of multidimensional scaling models. (Author/JKS)

Is it compassionate--knowing the great variety in ability, in attitude, and skills--to require the "same" performance of all? Surely we can tolerate differences in performance while insuring that each child, given whatever handicaps or gifts, attains his or her highest level of performance. (Author/SJL)

Examined and compared the evaluations of students differentiated by Carl Jung's psychotypology when they were involved in either a session of nonverbal communication experiences or a session of fantasy experiences. Some of the Jungian psychological types preferred different structured experiences. (Author)

Examines stability of individual differences in behaviorally induced heart-rate reactivity in 34 boys presented a cognitive task. Task-related heart-rate reactivity revealed substantial and highly reproducible individual differences in heart-rate reactivity independent of subjects' task performance. (Author/DB)

Evidence tends to support the individual nature of hypnosis effects and seems to generally limit the appropriateness of hypnotic intervention as an aid in promoting muscular output during physical activity. (JD)

Discusses the nature of individual differences in working memory and presents the span test that was used to assess working memory capability. Next it discusses how working memory capacity might influence two specific components of reading comprehension, retrieving facts and computing pronominal references. (NCR)

Rotter's social learning theory is applied to the learned helplessness paradigm, and is used to analyze (1) expectancy change processes occurring during helplessness training and (2) the generalization of those changes to other situations. Literature on individual and situational differences is also reviewed. (Author/SS)

Reviews Benjamin Bloom's new book, "Human Characteristics and School Learning," in which it is proposed that learning ability is determined by learning history and the quality of instruction. (SB)

High verbal subjects were much faster than low verbal subjects in making taxonomic category identity matches and homophone identity matches. High verbals were also faster in making physical identity matches. Males did not differ from females in the time required for any matching tasks; however, they made slightly more errors. (Author/MV)

Howard Gardner's hypothesis of seven distinct types of intelligence is explained and each of the theorized intelligences is related to the theory of cognitive style. The article concludes that multiple intelligence theory is not about new "intelligences," but rather, a reframing of what others have defined as cognitive styles. (DB)