Mathematics is often taught by explaining an idea, then giving students practice in applying it. Tutoring systems can increase the effectiveness of this method by monitoring the students' practice and giving feedback. However, math can also be taught by having students work collaboratively on problems that lead them to discover the idea. Here,…

The intelligent tutoring system of structure strategy (ITSS) is a web-based digital tutoring system proven to be effective in helping students recognize and use text structures to comprehend and recall texts. However, little is known about the dynamic learning processes within the ITSS. This study aims to investigate the effects of feedback dosage…

Knowledge tracing algorithms are embedded in Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) to keep track of students' learning process. While knowledge tracing models have been extensively studied in offline settings, very little work has explored their use in online settings. This is primarily because conducting experiments to evaluate and select knowledge…

Despite the critical role of teachers in the educational process, few advanced learning technologies have been developed to support teacher-instruction or professional development. This lack of support is particularly acute for middle school math teachers, where only 37% felt well prepared to scaffold instruction to address the needs of diverse…

ChatGPT is largely acknowledged for its substantial capacity to enhance the teaching and learning process despite some concerns. Based on the available literature, no study compares groups of students using ChatGPT and those who did not, more so in programming. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to examine how ChatGPT affects SHS students'…

This has made educators examine newer instructional methodologies whose efforts have brought a shift in the teaching methods from traditional methods to contemporary methods. Though similar philosophies and techniques have come up over the past few decades, the flipped classroom is a prominent approach in the educational environment. A modest…

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) teach skills using learning-by-doing principles and provide learners with individualized feedback and materials adapted to their level of understanding. Given a learner's history of past interactions with an ITS, a learner performance model estimates the current state of a learner's knowledge and predicts her…

Virtual tutors are a promising technology, providing a rich interactive environment for children to learn in. However, the question of how they should behave in order to enhance pupils' motivation remains unanswered. Using an embodied conversational agent platform, we tested human-computer interactions with 22 children aged 9-11 years. Children…

Proof and argumentation are essential components of learning mathematics, and technology can mediate students' abilities to learn. This systematic literature review synthesizes empirical literature which examines technology as a support for proof and argumentation across all content domains. The themes of this review are revealed through analyzing…

The design of the Cognitive Tutor Algebra I (CTA1) intelligent tutoring system assumes that students work through sections of material following a pre-specified order, and only move on from one section to the next after mastering the first section's skills. However, the software gives teachers the flexibility to override that structure, by…

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) have consistently been shown to improve the educational outcomes of students when used alone or combined with traditional instruction. However, building an ITS is a time-consuming process which requires specialized knowledge of existing tools. Extant authoring methods, including the Cognitive Tutor Authoring…

Since the 1960s, researchers have been trying to optimize the sequencing of instructional activities using the tools of reinforcement learning (RL) and sequential decision making under uncertainty. Many researchers have realized that reinforcement learning provides a natural framework for optimal instructional sequencing given a particular model…

The goal of this study was to use eye-tracking and log-file data to investigate the impact of prior knowledge on college students' (N = 194, with a subset of n = 30 for eye tracking and sequence mining analyses) fixations on (i.e., looking at) self-regulated learning-related areas of interest (i.e., specific locations on the interface) and on the…

Conversational Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) are expensive to develop. While simple online courseware could be easily authored by teachers, the authoring of conversational ITSs usually involves a team of experts with different expertise, including domain experts, linguists, instruction designers, programmers, artists, computer scientists,…

"Wheel spinning" is the phenomenon in which a student fails to master a Knowledge Component (KC), despite significant practice. Ideally, an intelligent tutoring system would detect this phenomenon early, so that the system or a teacher could try alternative instructional strategies. Prior work has put forward several criteria for wheel…