Various theories and models have implicitly discussed the role of interaction when using learning technologies. Indeed, interaction is described as being important as it relates to technology adoption, cognitive load, and usability. While each of these perspectives describe elements of interaction, they fail to comprehensively detail how educators…

What can eye movements reveal about reading, a complex skill ubiquitous in everyday life? Research suggests that gaze can reflect short-term comprehension for facts, but it is unknown whether it can measure long-term, deep comprehension. We tracked gaze while 147 participants read long, connected, informative texts and completed assessments of…

Instant feedback plays a vital role in promoting academic achievement and student success. In practice, however, delivering timely feedback to students can be challenging for instructors for a variety of reasons (e.g., limited teaching resources). In many cases, feedback arrives too late for learners to act on the advice and reinforce their…

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) have drawn researchers' attention as a means of providing personalized learning content, adaptive feedback, and instructional strategies based on students' characteristics and learning needs. Few studies, however, have explored how prospective and practicing teachers integrate ITSs into their lessons. This study…

Artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education has proven to be a useful learning technology; it can help learners achieve positive learning outcomes in the learning environment and can also enable teachers to better understand learners' learning status and further improve their teaching strategies. This study reviewed the top 50 AI in higher…

Worked examples are effective learning tools for algebraic equation solving. However, they are typically presented in a static concise format, which only displays the major derivation steps in one static image. The current work explores how worked examples that vary in their extensiveness (i.e., detail) and degree of dynamic presentation (i.e.,…

Within intelligent tutoring systems, considerable research has investigated hints, including how to generate data-driven hints, what hint content to present, and when to provide hints for optimal learning outcomes. However, less attention has been paid to "how" hints are presented. In this paper, we propose a new hint delivery mechanism…

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) hold the promise of democratizing the learning process. However, providing effective feedback has proven hard to offer at scale since most methods require a teacher or tutor. Leveraging big data in MOOCs offers a mechanism to develop predictive models that can inform computer-based pedagogical tutors. We review…

Extensive literature in artificial intelligence in education focuses on developing automated methods for detecting cases in which students struggle to master content while working with educational software. Such cases have often been called "wheel-spinning," "unproductive persistence," or "unproductive struggle." We…

In interactive e-learning environments such as Intelligent Tutoring Systems, there are pedagogical decisions to make at two main levels of granularity: whole problems and single steps. Here, we focus on making the problem-level decisions of worked example (WE) vs. problem solving (PS) and the step-level decisions of elicit vs. tell. More…

The research aimed to: 1) develop the chatbot; 2) evaluate its effectiveness; and 3) investigate its effects on students' research knowledge. The sample consisted of 36 Thai university students. The research instruments consisted of: 1) the chatbot; 2) an evaluation form; 3) an effectiveness questionnaire; and 4) research tests. Data analysis used…

This research presents the results of development and validation of the Cyclical Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) Simulation Model, a model of student cognitive and metacognitive experiences learning mathematics within an intelligent tutoring system (ITS). Patterned after Zimmerman and Moylan's (2009) Cyclical SRL Model, the Simulation Model depicts…

General chemistry courses are key gateways for many Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) majors. Here, we report on the implementation and evaluation of an adaptive, ALEKS-based online preparatory module (PM) for general chemistry. The module was made available in Summer 2018 at no cost to all students entering any section of…

A simulator-based Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) is a computer system that is made to provide students with a learning experience that is both customizable to a student's needs (e.g., level of expertise, pace) and includes simulation, e.g., demonstrate certain domain concepts or allow problem-solving while replicating a real-life situation.…

Bayesian knowledge tracing model (BKT) is a typical student knowledge assessment method. It is widely used in intelligent tutoring systems. In the standard BKT model, all knowledge and skills are independent of each other. However, in the process of student learning, they have a very close relation. A student may understand knowledge B better when…