In the present day market scenario of intense competition, organizations need to know what they know and be able to leverage on its knowledge base to gain competitive advantage. In this knowledge era, organisations can create and sustain competitive advantage through initiation of appropriate knowledge management processes. The organisations that…

Research has suggested that sex role identity is a major factor in sports anxiety across the sexes. Sex and sex role differences in sports anxiety as expressed by collegiate swimmers prior to competition were investigated on both self-report and physiological levels. An hour before practice and competition the blood pressures of 13 female and 14…

Solutions to specific problems associated with intercollegiate athletics, primarily men's spectator sports and particularly football, are proposed in order to enhance the values of the sports programs at small colleges. After a historical summary of recurrent problems, recent proposals are noted. It is argued that most proposals for dealing with…

Many psychological theories point to the importance of siblings in individual personality development. The impact of sibling status on interpersonal and achievement orientation was examined with undergraduates (N=1782) who completed a series of objective personality measures and a background questionnaire. Sibling status was defined in terms of…

The basis for most problems with merit pay plans is that the great majority of employees believe their own job performance is above average. Even a well-administered merit pay plan cannot give positive feedback to this majority. The likely consequence is that the employee's self-esteem is threatened. Often one copes with such a threat by demeaning…

Junior high schools boys performed forty trials on a ball roll up game in order to determine whether competition, initial ability level, and social reinforcement interact to influence the performance of a perceptual motor task. The analysis of the data demonstrated: (a) the competition, initial ability level, and social reinforcement factors did…

A review of the research literature concerning the effects of cooperation and competition on small-group productivity suggests that results have been conflicting and inconclusive. From a methodological standpoint, the inconsistent finings result from the use of experimental tasks which create systematic bias in favor of either the cooperative or…

In 1973, the Polish Minister of Education ordered objective competitions at the primary school level in the fields of Polish studies, Russian language, and math. In order to determine whether such subject competitions were justified and if they contributed equally to the development of interests and abilities among the rural and urban and…

Presented is the final report of a project to increase academic performance and social interaction in 52 retarded or normal children (3-18 years old) through training teachers in the use of three social skills: exchange, competition, and cooperation. The following project objectives are discussed: operational identification of the three social…

Governors, state legislators, and other state leaders have high expectations for public colleges and universities, specifically, advancing the state's economic agenda. The 1988 Presidential campaign is expected to focus on education prompted by concern about lagging competitiveness in international trade. (MLW)

Declines in the United States' competitive status in the world show that the nation needs a better educated, more creative, more flexible work force. Undergraduate education has an essential role to play in preparing students for both work and citizenship, requiring new collaboration between state, education, and community leaders. (MSE)

The economic case for the deregulation of Australian universities, for reasons of efficiency and improved access, is presented and the economic and social implications of such a move are considered. Some discussion of the case against deregulation is also given. (MSE)

Despite their eroding fiscal positions, state governments are responsible for establishing budget policy for both public elementary/secondary and higher education. As a Utah case study shows, the current political structure creates pressures for both competition and cooperation in optimizing scarce resources. This study advocates limited…

Understanding the issues involved in the diversifications of missions and functions in higher education requires (1) distinguishing between vertical and horizontal diversification, either between or within institutions and (2) identifying the agents and mechanisms causing diversification within different higher education systems, including both…

Investigated the influence of dominance and friendship on behavior in a cooperative/competitive problem-solving situation among preschool peers. Mixture of quasi-agonistic and opportunistic behaviors led to high resource use; agonistic behaviors were infrequent and unrelated to resource use. (Author/RWB)