Science knowledge is reflected in mental models that students tend to form when dealing with science phenomena. One way to identify students' mental models about scientific concepts is the use of diagnostic tests (inventories). Even though several statistical approaches and tools intended for the analysis of such inventories' results exist in the…

Reliability that can be proved by numeric indicators in quantitative studies has become a very discussible issue. The reason for this is to be thought that in qualitative researches, reliability is not based on positive perspective and those forming reliability criteria is difficult. However, for testing the reliability of a qualitative study or…

The estimation of test score "gaps" and gap trends plays an important role in monitoring educational inequality. Researchers decompose gaps and gap changes into within- and between-school portions to generate evidence on the role schools play in shaping these inequalities. However, existing decomposition methods assume an equal-interval…

Multiple outcome recurrent event data are typical in social sciences, where several outcomes on an individual are collected. In situations where aggregated counts of events over a long observation period are recorded, rounding is common, leading to counts being heaped at rounded values. We consider situations where multiple outcome recurrent event…

The relevance of this article is due to the need to form and develop algorithmic thinking of higher education students as the main requirement of the information society following 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners. The purpose of the article is to consider algorithmic thinking as a new dimension of learning in higher…

Background and Context: Computational thinking (CT) is an essential skill for all youth to succeed in our technology and information-rich world. While CT has a growing presence within K-12 classrooms, libraries play an essential role in introducing these critical skills to all. Objective: Assessing learning in libraries is difficult given their…

The topic of Bayesian updating is explored using standard and non-standard dice as an intuitive and motivating model. Details of calculating posterior probabilities for a discrete distribution are provided, offering a different view to P-values. This article also includes the stars and bars counting technique, a powerful method of counting that is…

An interval estimation procedure is discussed that can be used to evaluate the probability of a particular response for a binary or binary scored item at a pre-specified point along an underlying latent continuum. The item is assumed to: (a) be part of a unidimensional multi-component measuring instrument that may contain also polytomous items,…

Typical longitudinal growth models assume constant functional growth over time. However, there are often conditions where trajectories may not be constant over time. For example, trajectories of psychological behaviors may vary based on a participant's age, or conversely, participants may experience an intervention that causes trajectories to…

Developing knowledge-transforming skills in writing may help students increase learning by actively building knowledge, regardless of the domain. However, many undergraduate students struggle to transform knowledge when drafting essays based on multiple sources. Writing analytics can be used to scaffold knowledge transforming as writers bring…

The number of years to estimate value-added measures (VAM) has received insufficient attention. Researchers often use as many years as available, to increase precision and decrease transitory sorting bias. However, this decision has little theoretical or empirical backing. We develop a theoretical framework and evaluate data from thousands of…

Prospective registration of study protocols in clinical trial registries is a useful way to minimize the risk of publication bias in meta-analysis, and several clinical trial registries are available nowadays. However, they are mainly used as a tool for searching studies and information submitted to the registries has not been utilized as…

The calculation of the magnetic field produced by a loop current using the Biot-Savart law is a very typical exercise in introductory university physics. However, the cases studied are limited, in most textbooks, only the circular arrangement is treated. In this article, we calculate the magnetic field of an elliptical loop current along an axis…

The importance of coding in K-12 classrooms has been taken up by both scholars and educators. "Voicing Code in STEM" offers a new way to think about coding in the classroom--one that goes beyond device-level engagement to consider the interplay between computational abstractions and the fundamentally interpretive nature of human…

Doubly robust (DR) estimators that combine regression adjustments and inverse probability weighting (IPW) are widely used in causal inference with observational data because they are claimed to be consistent when either the outcome or the treatment selection model is correctly specified (Scharfstein et al., 1999). This property of "double…