This paper presents a working definition of educational accountability, reasons for the accountability movement in education, events and major problems. Educational accountability is a process of setting goals, making available adequate resources to meet those goals, and conducting regular evaluation to determine if the goals are met. The reasons…

A program structure relates objectives and activities by identifying and measuring objectives (including all activities) and by allowing for growth. The process of program structuring categorizes the activities of education into programs according to their contribution to meeting education objectives and provides a format for the program budget.…

Production function applications to improve the efficiency of educational programs require identification of inputs and outputs and the establishment of a data bank to provide information on input and output variables. This generalizable input identification model organizes inputs for systems analysis at various levels of inputs and provides a…

Through a generalized application of the principles of programing-planning-budgeting (PPB), a process was devised for describing the methods of resource allocation in a nonprofit institution. By categorizing pupil service inputs according to basic skills, instruction, and supportive services it became possible to identify meaningful service input…

Highlights concerning the major policy issues affecting the distribution of health services in the United States are presented. Findings which support the view that the United States is attaining equilization of health care opportunity include: (1) The gap between the percentage of low and high income people seeing a physician during the year…

This document reports the results of a survey of school business officials to determine the status of Educational Resource Management Systems (ERMS) or Planning-Programing-Budgeting-Evaluating Systems (PPBES) in school districts and colleges in the United States and Canada. Though the actual number of school districts developing management systems…

It was the purpose of this 1958 paper to demonstrate to the Commission on the Rights, Liberties, and Responsibilities of the American Indian how Indian tribes were first dealt with as sovereign nations and how this concept has changed through time (particularly from 1948 to 1958). When the sovereign-nations or treaty period came to a close, the…

This booklet examines the problems involved in financing public education in the United States, discusses the inequities of present finance systems, describes possible changes, and suggests alternatives for constructive solutions. The author first describes present school finance systems, with special emphasis on the southern states. She then…

Alternative funding mechanisms for appropriating operating and capital outlay revenue for public colleges and universities are described. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Budget formulas are utilized by 25 of the 50 states in allocating funds to higher education. (2) Budget formulas are used predominantly in budget areas where data related…

Results are presented that were obtained from application of the defined methodology to the 1972-73 operating budget of McMaster University. Programs were defined as instructional (degree) programs, research programs, and professional activities/public service programs. The calculation of program costs requires that crossovers be made from the…

The purpose of this report is to explain and examine the 1974-75 state education aid formula in light of two questions concerning equity: Are the pupils attending the public schools of New York City denied equal educational opportunities because of inequities in the state system of financing public education? If the state system is inequitable,…

The first two publications in this series dealt generally with school building problems in developing nations. This third part offers more direct guidance. Described in some detail are organizational fundamentals and tools that depend on universal similarities in building practice and have, therefore, been recommended for use internationally. A…

The critical question of how financial resources are spent is categorized by the ABG/NACUBO Task Force: faculty and staff (salaries, benefits, employee relations, equal opportunity and affirmative action, faculty effort); purchasing; maintenance and replacement of capital assets; and energy. In each area aspects to consider are noted. (Author/LBH)

Cash budgeting concepts employed in businesses are discussed, the results of a survey of pharmacy school continuing education directors regarding their budgeting procedures are described, and suggestions on how a pharmacy school's continuing education program could be budgeted are offered. A control form for program revenues is appended. (JMD)

Economic concepts and methods useful to a firm considering the allocation of resources to training workers are presented, with applicability where appropriate for industrial education teachers. The discussion includes goals of investment in training, determining human capital requirements, the training decision, and efficiency in training. (MF)