As the field of program evaluation has evolved, there has been a proliferation of approaches to the craft, each with a different conceptualization of the role the evaluator plays in relation to the program, organization, and practitioners with whom he or she works. A few recent conceptualizations of evaluator role include that of a "critical…

The aim of this article is to analyse the latest implementations and issues raised in Turkish non-formal education from a historical perspective in Turkey. The high population rate and lack of adequate educational opportunities for adults and migration from rural areas to urban areas caused many educational, social and cultural problems in…

Education in emergencies comprises learning opportunities for all ages. It encompasses early childhood development, primary, secondary, non-formal, technical, vocational, higher and adult education. In emergency situations through to recovery, quality education provides physical, psychosocial and cognitive protection that can sustain and save…

Extramural liberal adult education (LAE), as conceived in the particular UK tradition, was doomed by its high-minded origins and its privileged status, and contributed little to the new concepts of "éducation permanente," lifelong learning, the knowledge society, the learning society and region, or to the new understandings of university…

In mainstream U.S. culture, the idea of gender as a philosophical or spiritual value independent of sex is notably absent, and the presence of the masculine and the feminine in all of us is overlooked. In contrast, the concept of balance and compensation between the fundamental gender-defined energies of the universe is deeply rooted in American…

This document, prepared by The Biotechnology Information Center at the National Agricultural Library, contains sources of information that can provide a starting point for teachers, university faculty, extension agents, and other education leaders who have an interest in biotechnology education and training. Sections include a bibliography of the…

The author, an anthropologist, relates her experiences in Zambia, pointing out that African children do enjoy meaningful cognitive activities and are continually learning in their daily out-of-school lives, yet the formal, authoritarian, European school model fails to utilize these experiences or often even to recognize their existence. (EH)

An historical analysis from 1949 to the present, of the role of higher education in China, focusing on the significant changes since the Cultural Revolution in broadening the base of participation in higher education as well as the reorienting of curriculum and standards. (EH)

This document includes three parts and six appendixes. Part 1 is the general report of the 1987 UNESCO seminar on international education for adults held in Finland. Among the topics covered are key issues and the role of leaders of nonformal education and of adult educators in international education. Part 2 provides the reports of four working…

Observation of a kinship and social network among Mexican Americans in a Chicago neighborhood, part of an ethnographic study, revealed a pattern of self-education in literacy among the men in the group who came from one rancho, while the literate men from another rancho were primarily school-educated. Economic forces caused one group to attend…

This report describes an investigation of means of linking programs of the formal education sectors and the nonformal education sectors. The report is organized in three sections. The first section presents an overview, goals and objectives, phases, and interactions between the parties to the investigation. This section also describes the…

A discussion of non-formal education examines definitions of informal, formal, and non-formal education; compares non-formal and formal education in terms of objectives, student entry, clientele, curriculum, learning situations; teaching methods and materials, teachers, pupil evaluation, and agencies; and discusses four types of programs deserving…

Learning exchange systems offer several advantages over the contemporary large-scale educational system: People meet on a one to one basis to teach each other a skill in return for learning a skill. A file of people interested in reciprocal education is maintained at the exchange. (JAB)

Using data on urban migrants in Liberia and Navajo migrants in Denver, the study calculates the economic payoff of formal education, vocational education, and informal training, and separates the effects of job experience from the effects of simple aging. (NQ)

The author summarizes achievements of face-to-face learning linked with the use of broadcasts and printed materials as effective ways to promote adult education and national development. Unsolved problems include effective program length, feedback mechanisms, and the role of extension agents. (Author/AV)