A criterion system based on client perspective was developed to appraise the effects of counseling. There were four subject samples: (1) 142 clients seen for individual counseling during 1967-68; (2) 42 clients counseled during 1969-70; (3) 17 clients seen for group counseling; and (4) 60 respondents to a letter asking for volunteers. The…

Social schemas were defined as cognitive structures associating positions on different dimensions of interpersonal situations, such as liking, power, helping, similarity, status, communication, and influence. Social schemas were measured by first presenting social situations by verbal and pictorial means which clearly illustrated one position on…

This paper offers a humorous parody of the way in which evaluation teams often enter clinical institutions to do program evaluation studies. The parody emphasizes the over-use of sophisticated techniques and methodologies; as well as expensive equipment. The authors then define evaluation as "determining the degree to which a program is meeting…

Three studies of behavior therapy by a therapist who was also the clients' instructor are reported. All of the clients defined target behaviors, collected data, and implemented procedures to modify the behaviors. The data were brought to each session for analysis and revision each week. Case 1 reported modification of stealing behavior, where both…

This study attempts to demonstrate factors governing reciprocity of helping behavior in nursery school children. A time sampling method with a pre-set 10 category system was used to record the psychological and task helping behavior of 19 preschool children (mean age 5 1/2 years) over a 2-month period. Each child also completed a sociometric…

This article focuses on the role of the counselor in helping others through advocacy. The author develops a theory of advocacy in relation to the work of the counselor. Then he presents some practical ways the theory might be implemented. Speech presented at the Convention of the International Association of Pupil Personnel Workers, Charleston,…

Three strategies for evaluating training programs for paraprofessional human service workers are offered. The first concerns the assessment of the differential usefulness of selection versus training of helpers. The second focuses on factors producing effective training. The final strategy entails an evaluation of the impact of systematically…

Describes how older students in an Educational Opportunity Program were selected and trained to function as peer counselors and group facilitators to aid freshmen students in adjusting to a university setting. In addition, an outline describing structured activities to be used in the group-counseling setting is included. (Author)

This study evaluates the impact of personal-social counseling upon student behavior change. The primary concern was a measure of the effect of a counselor-initiated humanistic-intervention paradigm upon identified personal-social problem areas of nonreferred Black junior high school students. (Author)

The points of view of the parents and pediatrician of a young child with slow physical and motor development are presented to stress the need for better communication between parents and professionals. (SBH)

A broadened scope of career possibilities for teacher education graduates in settings other than the classroom is discussed, and a curriculum designed to prepare them for work in industrial corporations, museums, hospitals, health and social service organizations, and prisons is described. (JD)

A study of widows in metropolitan Chicago documents the failure of community resources in providing support for women trying to rebuild their lives after becoming widowed and at the present time, resulting in dependence upon children and friends, or else in relatively unsupported lives. (Author)

This article reviews the client-centered contribution to family interventions. A client-centered approach to family therapy is developed. An evaluative review is presented of educational methods developed to train members of the family as therapeutic agents, both for treatment and prevention. (Author)

Describes the "Ropes and Initiatives" course for secondary school students at the Lathrop E. Smith Environmental Educational Center, Rockville, Maryland. The course is designed to increase the students self confidence, teach them to develop trust in others and foster groups interaction and responsibility. (CM)

It is important for those working with the mentally retarded to encourage them to make their own decisions on the use of their leisure time. (JD)