In response to research indicating that elementary school children have little or no understanding of the reading process, this paper presents the following statements designed to help students develop a good concept of reading: reading is when meaning is reconstructed from written symbols, reading is a way of satisfying our needs, reading is…

This document provides abstracts of 20 research reports. Topics covered include: children's comprehension of simple story problems; field independence and group instruction; problem-solving competence and memory; spatial visualization and the use of manipulative materials; effects of games on mathematical skills; problem-solving ability and right…

This selective bibliography of recent publications by Rand researchers in the Information Processing Systems research program includes only those papers concerned with the broad range of topics in cognitive science. These topics include the modeling of complex human behavior, the construction of intelligent computer systems, and the representation…

This report presents an analysis of the characters created for prime time and weekend daytime network television drama and viewer conceptions associated with exposure to television. Data was gathered through 10 years of monitoring television programs, analyzing characters, and conducting surveys of child and adult viewers. Trends in representation…

Recent literature on the acquisition of "more" and "less" is reviewed with special emphasis on some key issues. The overriding goal of studies in this area has been the discovery of the developmental sequence that the child follows in acquiring "more" and "less," and, more generally, all comparative structures. The earliest empirical studies on…

A three-year combined sample of 103 master's level counseling students was administered five measures of cognitive complexity, selected on the bases of previous factor analytic research and their potential relevance to counseling research. The instruments were designed to measure the processing of social stimuli, and included the Interconcept…

CONCEPT FORMATION--AS IT IS AFFECTED BY SUBJECTS (NORMAL AND RETARDED), PROBLEMS (SIMULTANEOUS, SUCCESSIVE, AND SIMILARITY-DIFFERENCE), RESPONSES (MANUAL AND VERBAL), REINFORCEMENT (100 PERCENT AND PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT), AND STIMULI--WAS INVESTIGATED. ELEVEN SEPARATE EXPERIMENTS ARE DESCRIBED. IT WAS FOUND THAT--(1) CONCEPT ATTAINMENT IS…

THE PERSPECTIVE ABILITY TEST INVOLVED 285 CHILDREN BETWEEN 66 AND 155 MONTHS OF AGE. TO MEASURE ABILITY TO COORDINATE PERSPECTIVE, THE RESEARCHER BUILT A CIRCULAR TABLE WITH AN ISLAND DISC MODELED AND PAINTED TO REPRESENT WATERS AND MOUNTAINOUS LAND. TWENTY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS WERE TAKEN FROM DIFFERENT EQUALLY SPACED VANTAGE POINTS. THE SUBJECTS…

RESEARCH RELATED TO THE TEACHING OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL MATHEMATICS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN 1900 AND 1965 IS REVIEWED. THE 799 REPORTS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY WERE OBTAINED FROM A REVIEW OF REPORTS IN 50 JOURNALS. REPORTS ARE CATEGORIZED ON THE BASIS OF MATHEMATICAL TOPIC AND TYPE OF STUDY. TOPICS INCLUDED ARE EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND…

THIS EXPERIMENT WAS DESIGNED TO INVESTIGATE (1) THE AMOUNTS OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATED BY THE KNOWLEDGE OF A PRINCIPLE AS OPPOSED TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF CUES AND (2) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF A PRINCIPLE AS OPPOSED TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF CUES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF LEARNING. THE FOUR GROUPS MAKING UP THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WERE A CUE GROUP…

THIS EFFORT WAS AN INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESSES WHICH OCCUR WHEN CHILDREN ARE SET TO FORM CONCEPTS AND, ALTERNATELY, THOSE WHICH OCCUR WHEN CHILDREN ARE EXPOSED TO MATERIAL AND NO DELIBERATE EFFORT IS MADE TOWARD CONCEPT FORMATION. THE EXPERIMENTAL PLAN WAS AN INDEPENDENT GROUP DESIGN IN WHICH THE MAJOR VARIABLES WERE INTENTIONALITY OF SET…

A REVIEW OF THEORY AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON "THE LEARNING BY DISCOVERY HYPOTHESIS," AND RELATED LITERATURE ON CONCEPT-LEARNING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING, WAS PREPARED FOR A CONFERENCE IN NEW YORK CITY, 1965. RECENT CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN THE SUBJECT AREA WERE DESCRIBED. ATTEMPTS WERE MADE TO IDENTIFY INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES AND…

A LONGITUDINAL STUDY WAS PERFORMED WHICH FOLLOWED THREE GROUPS OF CHILDREN (CULTURALLY DISADVANTAGED, AVERAGE, AND CULTURALLY ADVANTAGED) THROUGH GRADE THREE IN AN ATTEMPT TO DETERMINE THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN PERCEPTUAL FACTORS ON SUCCESS OR FAILURE IN BEGINNING READING. INSTRUMENTS USED WERE SELECTED TO IDENTIFY…

This paper presents an interpretation of the term "concept," as the term is used in Ausubelian learning theory to define the unit of organization in cognitive structure. Several facets of a concept are described, a model of a concept is presented, and the model is then discussed and criticized as a heuristic device to aid educators in…

This study investigated (1) the order of acquisition of related temporal and spatial terms, (2) the application of temporal and spatial terms and (3) the relationship between the application of temporal and spatial terms and performance on cognitive measures of temporal and spatial ordering. Children 3 to 5 years of age were tested on four…