Intended as an instructional aid for teachers of general business and other secondary school business courses, this annual bulletin discusses the following four general economic concepts: Opportunity costs, supply and demand, industrial organization, and marginal analysis. For each concept, principles are developed which can often be applied in…

Verbal protocols were collected from math-anxious and math-comfortable college students while they solved algebra problems. These protocols were then examined for differences in problem-solving processes. Differences occurred in the use of two basic strategies: generating values and symbolic transformations. Math-anxious students generated more…

In an examination of elementary school children's notions of reading, 1,122 first through sixth graders were individually interviewed. Each child was asked to define reading, and their responses were placed into four categories: those which were vague or irrelevant, those which focused on classroom procedure or the educational value of reading,…

Three conjunctive concept-learning problems were presented to 70 educable mentally retarded (EMR) children (9 to 14 years old) and 76 controls (7 to 10 years old) to assess the effects of four verbalization conditions and the presence or absence of a memory aid on concept attainment. Verbalization conditions were the following. (1) no…

"Communication competence" refers to the knowledge an individual has about the use of language in communication. As a concept and theory, however, it needs to be further elaborated and clarified. In particular, four issues must be resolved before communication competence theory can achieve full development and exert impact in the classroom. The…

Matrix tasks to assess multiple classifications and multiple seriation skills were administered to 160 children (40 Ss each from preschool, kindergarten, first and second grade levels). Each child received six matrix subtasks (reproduction and transportation of cross classification I, double seriation, and cross classification II) in one of six…

The purpose of this study was to determine which mode of instruction (deductive or inductive) and which time of exposure produced greatest student acquisition of a classificational concept. The population consisted of 385 high school students randomly assigned to classes at the beginning of the school year; subsequently, 21 classes were randomly…

A review of task analysis procedures beginning with the military training and systems development approach and covering the more recent work of Gagne, Klausmeier, Merrill, Resnick, and others is presented along with a plan for effective instruction based on the review of task analysis. Literature dealing with the use of task analysis in programmed…

An instructional design based on task analysis procedures was used to develop two experimental lessons to accelerate attainment of a subject-matter concept by fourth grade students. A variation of the Solomon Four-Group design was employed to determine the effects of the pretest. Performance of 118 randomly assigned subjects on a measure assessing…

The three basic language learning models are the rote-memory model (prescriptive), the abilities model (behavioristic), and the critical age model. If this last model, a deterministic one based on observable facts about the human condition, becomes as popular in American schools as it is in British schools, language will become an important aspect…

The conditions whereby a concept might be learned on the basis of a language mediation process prior to the inductive learning of subordinate concepts are sketched. The view is expressed that grammar treatments which are apt to primary education should be defined on the basis of a pedagogy's needs for linguistic characterizations of concepts to be…

This Environmental Education Teacher's Guide, developed for use at the K-6 level, is designed to familiarize teachers with how an environmental education program can help in their teaching and in achieving the goals of the school. This program focuses on developing attitudes towards study environments and associated environmental problems. The…

This book is an introduction to the psychological study of basic learning processes in children. Written for students who are not majors in psychology and who do not have much familiarity with the technical vocabulary of psychology, it has two themes: even the most basic kinds of learning are included by cognitive processes or mental activities;…

The present research was designed primarily to investigate the type of instruction needed to help children learn difficult principles. A total of 159 fifth graders (each assigned to one of six experimental conditions) read lessons which dealt with principles from two content areas (mathematics and language arts). Lessons varied in the number of…

Field testing of the Time with the Clock Unit of the Money, Measurement and Time Program was conducted with 23 elementary school classes of educable mentally handicapped (EMH) children. The 227 Ss were assigned to the experimental group, the Hawthorne group, or the control group. A criterion referenced test was administered to Ss to evaluate…