All available research in which a therapeutic expectancy was directly assessed and than related to a measure of outcome was reviewed. The review revealed that across all studies both client and therapist expectancies appear related to improvement; however, in the better-designed research a differential pattern emerges in which client expectancy no…

Sensitivity to story information that conflicted with expectations was examined in kindergarten, second, fourth, and sixth grade children. The children either read or listened to stories about familiar events. One story was consistent with children's "scripts" for these events, while the other story contained script-inconsistent information. All…

The nature of the relationship between the handicapped child's stimulus characteristics and the expectation held for that child by child care professionals provided the focus of this study. One hundred and twenty subjects viewed photographic slides of 30 children with differing facial characteristics and estimated the capabilities of the…

The variables selected to explore some of the determinants of students' decisions to take or not to take mathematics include measures of one's expectancy for success in mathematics, measures of the incentive value of taking the courses, and measures of selected mediating variables. Seventh and ninth graders of both sexes were tested. Two…

This is an in-depth analysis of eight elementary schools, six of which were characterized by improving student achievement and two of which were declining in student achievement. Data were collected through questionnaires and personal interviews. Ten major findings and 10 recommendations for improvement of student achievement are discussed, along…

In a study of masters program course work, questionnaires were sent to masters degree candidates in history at the University of New South Wales and at Macquaire University. Responses from 45 students were analyzed to determine who was attracted to the program and why, the expectations of the students, the organization of the program, and the…

The years after children demonstrate comprehension of particular syntactic structures have received little attention. What happens in language development after mastery is achieved? Are children then like adult speakers in judging the acceptability of grammatical structures? Questions addressed in this research were: Will older children and young…

Children's expectations regarding the roles played in society by different groups of people have been shown to significantly affect their comprehension of sentences. This paper reports on a study designed to examine the way children's expectations affect the strategies they employ in two tasks tapping the organization of the semantic system. Sixty…

Examined were the effects of high expectancy and non-expectancy conditions on the verbal behavior of 12 moderately and mildly retarded children (3-16 years old). Six experimental Ss were exposed to a condition in which experimenters expressed expectation of achievement on the Children's Apperception Test. Comparisons of verbalization revealed…

One of a series of reports from a larger investigation entitled "The Student Attribute Study," the present paper discusses classroom observation data collected in this study concerning the interactions between teachers and students who had been previously identified as objects of teacher attachment, concern, or rejection. The Student…

This article examines the issues at the center of positive health maintenance in later life. Included are helpful planning aids, as well as references for further reading on such subjects as exercise and nutrition. (Author/MLF)

This article discusses retirement as a challenge to find a new sense of personal wholeness and of well-being. (Author/MLF)

This article is an inventory exercise intended to help retirees reconsider, and even rediscover, some of the personal resources that they bring to this new period of their lives. (Author/MLF)

This study explores the notion of "fear of success" as a function of cultural expectations rather than as an intrapsychic motive held by women. A total of 476 male and female students (including 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th graders) were tested on semantic differential scales to gauge their reactions to the success or failure of a woman or a man. It…

Expectancy estimates, performance scores, level of aspiration, and attribution scores were collected from 160 high school seniors. Performance involved a symbol coding test introduced as either a masculine or feminine task. Female expectancy estimates were lower than male on both tasks. Females expected to lose under direct competition,…