Because it focuses on the interactions between students and their environments, Holland's theory of vocational choice provides a powerful framework for studying college experiences. The present study assessed the relative merits of psychological and sociological interpretations of Holland's theory by examining the relationships among students' …

In this article (the edited keynote address to the NAEYC 15th National Institute for Early Childhood Professional Development in June) Bowman defines the four different kinds of standards-for programs, content, learning or performance, and professional development-and explains her beliefs about them. Regarding content and learning standards,…

This article is an open letter to English teachers by the author, a second-year graduate student in English education doing substitute teaching. She argues that as a substitute teacher, expectations of her teaching abilities and those of most substitute teachers are incredibly low, and that low expectations often result in low performance. Here,…

This study examines the interplay of institutional environments and organizational contexts in shaping the responses of four professional schools (public health, business, social work, and engineering) to diversity-related pressures, expectations, requirements, and incentives. The role of market demand in structuring postsecondary approaches to…

This study examined the perception of post-secondary education held by traditional and non-traditional graduating seniors from a small, rural comprehensive public university. A 132-item questionnaire was randomly administered to 126 seniors at the University of Wisconsin-Superior, with 98 of the students indicating that they were under 30 years of…

This document presents, for local Urban League affiliates and community-based organizations, a framework for developing and conducting locally operated mentor programs. The development of mentoring programs has been an incremental process. Mentoring programs now contain some elements that other programs lack, such as an emphasis on self-esteem,…

This study examined preservice teachers' expectations of their field experiences and how those expectations were met. The study population included primarily college sophomores who were either elementary or secondary education majors at a medium-sized university. An expectation checklist was given to 110 students prior to the field experience at…

Mastery motivation is considered important because it promotes competence and is believed to be the precursor to achievement motivation. Focusing on toddlers between 16 and 22 months old, this study examined the relationship between mastery motivation and environmental contributors, such as maternal expectations, and cultural orientation in Puerto…

This book describes an approach to enhancing student learning by being fully aware of each students' interactive learning patterns. The book explains how differences experienced in the classroom between learners and lessons are frequently due to the learner's inability to see the lesson's relevance, significance, or value. The book helps teachers…

This paper offers strategies for implementing student-generated games that focus on interpersonal communication skill development and suggestions for appropriate instructor and student evaluation measures. In today's classroom, games can be used to teach subject matter to adult students with the added advantage of making learning fun. (Appendixes…

This paper reviews several studies on preschoolers' perceptions of alcohol and drug use. The studies make five main points: (1) the process of socialization to alcohol and drug involvement begins earlier than adolescence, and involves the ability to identify alcohol and drugs by name, class, and smell; (2) the process of socialization involves…

This packet contains 27 transparency masters and a script for instructor presentation of a 1-hour workshop on the Pygmalion effect in training. It is aimed at trainers as well as classroom teachers. The focus of the guide is on how trainers'/teachers' behavior toward students influences the outcome of training, with high expectations leading to…

Recognizing that classrooms are complex settings in which effective teaching cannot be the end result of merely following a list of rules and regulations, this monograph provides practicing reading teachers with appropriate information based on current teacher-effectiveness research so that they can be informed by the best of current thinking to…

Recent research on teachers' expectations has begun to explore the factors underlying the link between expectations and performance. To investigate the relationship between the affective responses of teachers and students' attributions regarding effort versus ability, 130 college students (66 male, 64 female) were instructed in solving anagrams…

According to the major attributional hypotheses, egotism and expectancy confirmation, people tend to make internal attributions when successful and external attributions when they fail. In order to investigate the effect of manipulation on egotistical and expectancy confirmation attributions, 190 female undergraduates participated in two series of…