A total of 94 ninth and tenth grade students participated in a study to determine which of the following six reading expectancy formulas predict actual reading achievement of secondary school students of average intelligence: the Dechant formula, the Harris I formula, the Science Research Associates'"Tests of General Ability," the Harris II…

Alcoholism is becoming an increasingly significant problem for women. At one time, women rarely drank and the female alcoholic was an anomaly. Estimates of the total number of women alcoholics in the United States today are over 900,000. Women now constitute from 20 to 35% of all alcoholics in this country. This paper attempts to gain…

A group of 50 third garde, 51 sixth grade, and 52 eleventh grade students participated in a study to examine the extent to which good readers at three grade levels expected structures in stories, the nature of their expectations, and developmental similarities and differences in their structural expectations. Materials for the study were prepared…

There have been few studies comparing personal future perspectives across wide sectors of the life span and none comparing societal future perspectives. Age groups, each consisting of 41 women and 10 men who were elderly (over 60), in middle adulthood (26-45), or adolescence (14-16) were asked to list events they expected to happen in their future…

Most research on teenage parenthood is concerned with illegitimacy and its determinants such as attitudes toward sex, contraceptive knowledge and practice, family relationships, and cultural factors. Empirical studies on the consequences of illegitimacy are generally limited to problems of recidivism, school dropouts, and welfare dependency.…

According to an attribution analysis, changing one's opinion toward the position advocated in a persuasive message is an outcome of one's inferences concerning why the communicator has taken the position. A study was undertaken to clarify the cognitive steps by which recipients went from information about communicator characteristics or…

Interviews were conducted with 30 single women between ages 30-40 in an investigation of the life styles of never-married women. Two-thirds of the respondents reported that, as teenagers, they had established approximate ages for marriage; most expected to be married by age 25. Women who expect to marry see single life as temporary, and may delay…

Conditions are examined under which the imposition of an extrinsic constraint upon performance of an activity can lead to decrements in creativity. Female college students worked on an art activity either with or without the expectation of external evaluation. In addition, subjects were asked to focus upon either the creative or the technical…

The educational expectations of military parents with less than nine years military service time were compared to the actual experiences of military parents who have 17 years or more service time. Emphasis on the characteristic of occupational mobility and how it impacts on the parents' educational expectations. Two groups (N=68 for each group)…

Rather than abandon reading expectancy formulae because they produce different reading expectancy scores, educators should attempt to improve such formulae in order to make appropriate decisions about students. Potential reading levels derived from the use of various expectancy formulae may be compared after converting the scores to stanines,…

The author cites obstacles to the normalization of mentally retarded individuals, including society rigidity, low expectations, desire to maintain status quo, and persistent belief in the fallacy that most basic tasks require intelligence. Studies are reviewed in which moderately and severely retarded persons were successfully trained to perform…

The primary purpose of this research is to determine if there exists covert confounding in student perceptionnaires which significantly affect instructors ratings. Eight calculus classes were randomly selected. Each student completed a Texas A & M University (TAMU) student perceptionnaire the first day of class, envisioning having completed the…

Since attitudes toward retirement may be influenced by attitudes toward aging, this article is intended to correct some of the myths and misinformation held about human aging. Up-to-date research is drawn on to offer a picture of the aging process and its normal changes. (Author/MLF)

Theories and descriptions of various infant fear behaviors are presented in this paper. Five examples of fear are given: (1) learned fear, in which the infant associates some unpleasant action with an agent, (2) unlearned fear, in which the infant experiences an intense sensory phenomena such as a loud noise, (3) stranger anxiety, (4) fear caused…

The hypothesis that the educational and occupational aspirations of students who choose to attend a vocational high school differ from those attending conventional high schools was tested. The educational and occupational aspirations and expectations of 10th grade high school students in a vocational high school were compared with those of 10th…