Found that while beginning managers enrolled in a graduate management course overwhelmingly endorsed a nondirective/permissive style of manager-employee communication, they expected compliance from employees only when managers used a directive/autocratic style of communication. Discusses implications for management training and relationship with…

Mothers of 25 Down's syndrome infants completed a questionnaire in order to identify the infants' temperamental characteristics. Only two infants were found to be easy children--a finding which contrasts with the amiable,mild stereotype for the syndrome. Mothers' verbal ratings of the child were more positive than their questionnaire responses…

Describes public school responses to crime and student delinquency in terms of behavioral expectations. The authors conclude that school discipline policies are often based more on the fear of violence, disruptive behavior, and unpredictable situations than on actual incidents. (AM)

A study conducted in six southern states found that Black girls expected to marry later than White girls. Discusses educational and economic influences, as well as familial relationships, as factors that lead low income Black women to marry later than low income White women. (GC)

Assessed whether subjects' ratings of taped interactants, whose gender was ambiguous, would be determined mainly by what gender the subjects thought the interactants were or by the interactants' behavior. Results showed that the causes of sex differences in assessments differed depending on what type of assessment was being made. (Author/JAC)

Student expectations and actual labor market performance of a sample of Egypt's university graduates in 1978 are compared. It was found that economic rewards followed supply and demand, especially with regard to specialization. Expected or actual unemployment after graduation was found to be of short duration. (MSE)

Examined the adequacy of the cognitive developmental stage hypothesis in accounting for the development of children's friendship expectations. It was concluded that cognitive-developmental stages may be of limited value in predicting the development of friendship expectation unless only broad age changes are sought. (Author/RH)

Replicates a study reported by Seavy, Katz, and Zalk (1975) in which adults interacted with an infant who was introduced as a boy, a girl, or without specific gender information. Gender labels resulted in highly sex-stereotyped behavior concerning toy choice. (Author/JLF)

A variety of issues associated with resistance to or necessity for author-anonymous reviewing of scholarly work are examined: sex, age, and even name stereotyping; tradition; institutionalization of egalitarianism; promotion of newer scholars; and power politics. (MSE)

Examined sex role expectancies for counselors as a function of sex of student, preference for counselor's sex, and sex of counselor. Results indicated that males expected counselors to be less masculine than did females. Male counselors were expected to be masculine. Female counselors were expected to be psychologically androgynous. (Author/BEF)

Investigates the role expections and possibility of role conflict of Catholic college chaplains. On questionnaires both chaplains and students report major differences between ideal role and the real work of chaplains. All chaplains perceived counseling as a major role but it was not their major source of student contact. (JAC)

Regular-classroom elementary school teachers (N=99) were shown a photograph of an 11-year-old Black, Mexican American, or White child and were told that the child was either educable mentally retarded or attended a fifth grade class. The child's race significantly influenced the teachers' initial expectations. (Author)

Twenty-eight learned helpless children (ages 9-13) assessed as reading below grade level were randomly assigned to one of four reinforcement and attribution retaining treatments. Indirect and direct attribution retaining increased childrens' reading persistence and their attribution of failure on the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility scale…

To investigate the role expectation based rules governing formal reasoning performance, a battery of group and individual aptitude measures and formal reasoning tests were administered to 17-year-olds. Individual differences in usage of these rules were clarified by establishing an overlap between an aptitude model and formal reasoning.…

Creating the climate in which fund raising takes place is a key presidential responsibility. Trustee relations, staff supervision, budget control, program objectives and development, and effective influence are other tasks. (Author/MSE)