Examined influences on therapists' expectancies of four variables. Counselors at three training levels completed the Therapist Expectancy Inventory. Significant differences were found for therapist gender, professional affiliation, and level of training; client gender effect was not significant. Concluded therapists' judgments about clients are a…

A review of several well-known studies of schooling suggests that schools--and their principals--can indeed make a difference. The authors suggest four keys to improving the training and practice of the building principal. (Author)

Obese persons about to enter a group program intended to produce "conditioned satiety" were asked to estimate their weight loss. Their outcome expectation correlated significantly with weight loss recorded seven weeks later. However, the magnitude of expected weight loss exceeded the actual amount of weight lost. (Author)

College students learning they had done well or poorly on an examination were asked to evaluate the cause of the outcome, describe affective reactions, and estimate expectations about future test performances. Results support the contention that academic failure needn't lead to losses in achievement motivation, depression, or frustration.…

Studies of the adult cycle often concentrate on ordered life events. Researchers deny importance to unanticipated events. However, for women at middle age, trends in the number of divorces, widows, and women entering the labor force indicate that unanticipated events are of central importance in assessing women's experience. (Author)

Reviews recent educational research that establishes the relationship between effective schools and student performance. School policies can lead to higher educational achievement, regardless of family background. (Author/WD)

Personality and behavioral consequences of learned helplessness were monitored in children experiencing failure in school. The predictive quality of learned helplessness theory was compared with that of value expectancy theories. Low self-concept was predicted significantly by school failure, internal attributions for failure, and external…

College students (N=253) rated the effects they expected from drinking alcohol along various dimensions. Results showed that subjects expected moderate drinking to result in relatively greater stimulation/perceived dominance and pleasurable disinhibition, whereas for heavy drinking they expected a greater degree of behavioral impairment. (Author)

An occupation is preferred on the basis of the match between valences and instrumentalities. Subjects rated their most preferred occupation as more instrumental for all types of outcomes in comparison to other occupations. The more valent the outcome, the more likely the preferred occupation is rated as more instrumental for that outcome. (Author)

Women revealed more than men about their greatest fears and were likely to be the more higher disclosing partners. Couples with egalitarian sex-role attitudes disclosed more than couples with traditional sex-role attitudes. Self-disclosure was related to love but not to power structure. (Author)

Summarizes research concerning the disengagement theory of aging and examines awareness of finitude. Interviews with residents of old-age institutions revealed awareness of finitude to be a better predictor of disengagement than chronological age. Future research should examine this predictor in noninstitutional settings. (Author)

Techniques for obtaining time perspective data were examined. Undergraduates responded to a questionnaire containing one of three formats for reporting anticipated future life-events, varying in structure imposed on respondents. Temporal estimates of life-event occurence were coded using two procedures, both permitting a near and a far value.…

White and Black clients alike expected their counselor to be White. About half of the clients had no preferences. However, clients expressing preferences preferred counselors of their same race. Dropout and satisfaction with treatment were not related to the nature of clients' racial expectations. (Author)