Offers a personal account of why, within a group of four Harlem families, some children achieved educational and career success while others were plagued by serious problems. Stresses the importance of good parenting and high expectations and suggests strategies for working with students at risk because of disadvantaged environments. (EV)

Path analysis depicted a relationship between career self-efficacy beliefs and four social cognitive career theory variables (self-efficacy, career goals, vocational interests, career barriers) for 289 undergraduates. The fifth, college outcomes expectations, was not related to self-efficacy. (Contains 30 references.) (SK)

Studied the degree to which attachment orientations were related to negative mood regulation expectancies and conflict management strategies with best friends and romantic partners in a sample of 140 female college students. Discusses results in relation to previous research on attachment theory and implications for interventions. (SLD)

Presents study results that supports relationship between individual goals and normative expectations about life span development, especially when it comes to domains of education, occupation, and family. Reports that respondents showed an awareness of the accumulation of social problems. Adolescents rated their future as better than the future of…

When 126 rural 10th-12th graders completed the "My Vocational Challenges" instrument, perceived parental support was a significant predictor of efficacy expectations and vocational interests. Using Holland's classifications, both genders associated men with "Realistic" and "Investigative" occupations and women with "Artistic" and "Conventional"…

Examines expectations of very young adults (age 18) and their mothers about financial support that parents might provide under a variety of situations. Results indicate a lower proportion of mothers expect to provide support than their children expect, with particularly large gaps between mothers and sons. Findings suggest disagreement and…

Despite several decades of activity, alcohol expectancy research has yet to merge measurement approaches with developing memory theory. This article offers an expectancy assessment approach built on a conceptualization of expectancy as an information processing network. The authors began with multidimensional scaling models of expectancy space,…

The evaluation of physician competency prior to issuing an initial medical license has been a fundamental responsibility of medical boards. Growing public expectation holds that medical boards will ensure competency throughout a physician's career. The Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) strongly supports the right of state medical boards to…

The authors construct and respond to several questions about changing administrative costs for new Research I Universities, a group of institutions that might be expected to incur new costs as a result of their new status. Using IPEDS data, the study provides mixed support for the claim that universities reaching the pinnacle of research…

The assumption that people possess a repertoire of strategies to solve the inference problems they face has been raised repeatedly. However, a computational model specifying how people select strategies from their repertoire is still lacking. The proposed strategy selection learning (SSL) theory predicts a strategy selection process on the basis…

The authors review the literature on the 2 main models of the placebo effect: expectancy theory and classical conditioning. A path is suggested to dissolving the theoretical impasse that has long plagued this issue. The key is to make a clear distinction between 2 questions: What factors shape placebo effects? and What learning mediates the…

Examined grade and gender differences in the association between perceived intimacy and power boundary violations and conflict goal reports among 177 adolescents. Found that adolescents' perceptions of intimacy boundary violations were associated with reports of relational and avoidance goals. Grade and gender moderated the association between…

Draws on an interpretive study of classroom authority relations in a U.S. metropolitan high school to describe and analyze the character of these relations and their connection to social theory and educational ideologies. Results reveal that conservative, bureaucratic, progressive, and radical positions all contribute to commonsense…

Several studies have shown that second-order expectations, an interactant's perceptions of a coactor's self-other expectations, can affect the receiving actor's performance expectations and behavior. Using new theoretical developments, we report new data and further tests of three models concerning effects of coactors' expressed expectations.…

Recent studies using a violation-of-expectation task suggest that preverbal infants are capable of recognizing basic arithmetical operations involving visual objects. There is still debate, however, over whether their performance is based on any expectation of the arithmetical operations, or on a general perceptual tendency to prefer visually…