Examines responses of Americans and Icelanders to the Expectations About Counseling Questionnaire-Brief Form (EAC-B) through confirmatory factor analyses. Investigates the validity of and expresses concern for the underlying factor structure of the EAC-B. Argues that a four-factor solution for the EAC-B is too complex and does not fit the student…

Presents the rationale for and initial findings concerning the development of the Parental Comparison Level Index (PCLI). Explains that the PCLI--based on interpersonal processes--focuses on the role that expectations and comparative processes play in relationships. Data collected on 439 parents offer strong support for two highly reliable…

Reviews the construct of persistence as it relates to achievement motivation at work. Topics include foundational concepts of persistence; achievement motivation theory; a human motivation model; goal-setting theory; self-efficacy theory; expectancy theory; task assignments; confidence; and perceived value. (LRW)

This study examined the relationship between child characteristics and parents' developmental expectations for their children with developmental delays at ages 3, 7, and 11. Overall, parents' developmental expectations were associated with child characteristics, were moderately stable over time, and tended to decline as children matured.…

Examined how 6- to 9-year-olds and adults judged expected value of complex gambles in which alternative outcomes had different prizes. Found that participants at all ages used multiplication rule for integrating probability and value of each individual outcome, and based judgment of overall expected value on alternative outcomes. Even youngest…

Criticism of science reflects an exaggerated view of what science is capable of doing, even an expectation that science can "fix" the human condition, and misplaced fears about its hazards. Widespread scientific illiteracy in turn threatens the pursuit of science. (MSE)

Hypothesizes that pharmacological and expectancy effects may be two principles that govern caffeine consumption in the same way they affect other drug use. Tests this theory through a balanced placebo design on 100 male undergraduate students. Expectancy set and caffeine content appeared equally powerful, and worked additionally, to affect…

Four experiments examined 8-month-olds' ability to reason about collections of objects. Findings suggested that infants' expectations about object behavior do not automatically apply to any and all portions of matter within the visual field. The behavior of an entity and infants' prior experience played roles in determining whether infants will…

This plan helps make it easier for all students to do what is expected of them while providing additional support for students with special needs. It includes: telling students what is expected of them; modeling the procedure; watching students in action; coaching students who are unsure or noncompliant; encouraging students at every stage;…

Examines universal-diverse orientation, general counseling expectations, and multicultural counseling expectations in a sample of 186 culturally diverse college students. Findings reveal that college students' universal-diverse orientation and general counseling expectations were positively related to their multicultural counseling expectations.…

Asks whether different scoring systems can explain why many studies have found female failures in performing tasks that were designed to assess concepts of horizontality and verticality. Presents new findings involving 86 men and boys and 84 women and girls through which no significant sex differences were found. Discusses suggestions and…

A study used attribution theory to explain the self-efficacy of 70 prison inmates (35 were gang members) participating in correctional education. Many gang members had low efficacy and expectations for educational attainment. (SK)

Provides and illustrates a method to compute the expected number of misclassifications of examinees using three-parameter item response theory and two state classifications (mastery or nonmastery). The method uses the standard error and the expected examinee ability distribution. (SLD)

Interviews with six mentors, six mentees (beginning trade and industrial teachers), and six supervisors identified characteristics of effective mentors and expectations of the relationship. Appropriate matching, establishment of objectives, and mentor accessibility were important factors. Mentees were sometimes too concerned about imposing on…

A survey of 265 U.S. and 247 Taiwanese college students' expectations of teachers and students showed significant differences related to cultural values such as collectivism/individualism, power distance, and egalitarianism. Ways to improve learning in multicultural classrooms were suggested by the findings. (Contains 18 references.) (SK)