A framework for decision making in implementing development projects has three dimensions: (1) personal and project expectations; (2) multiple responsibilities (to whom is the team leader responsible); and (3) carrying out implementation tasks (unconditional positive regard for clients; "do no harm"). (SK)

The extent to which the expectancy of a teaching demand influences learning results was studied with 36 education majors who learned from worked-out examples with or without the expectation that they would have to teach similar examples. Teaching expectancy decreased the superficiality of studying the worked-out examples. (SLD)

A sample of 51 undergraduates rated 51 occupations; half selected the 12 most positive and half the 12 most negative. Ratings made after they read positive or negative depictions of the occupations indicated that expectations about occupations significantly influenced responses to occupational information, supporting the disconfirmation…

Undergraduates (n=101) selected careers using different models: (1) Expected Utility; (2) Sequential Elimination; or (3) unguided selection. Evaluation of decision quality showed the highest payoff from Expected Utility, which differed significantly in terms of frequency of selection of different types of careers. The other models did not differ…

A total of 114 boys and girls were given an expectancy that a stimulus child was either shy or outgoing and then rated the child on several personality dimensions. Results revealed that, when children were presented with both expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information, impression formation was largely attribute based, and the…

Describes investigation employing within-counselor design. Investigators analyzed audio recordings of career counseling interviews with clients who held either relatively negative expectations or relatively positive expectations regarding counseling. Clients who held relatively positive expectations were rated significantly higher on global…

A total of 80 infants, divided equally among 4 age groups, participated in a contingency learning task. Of these infants, 48 received an audiovisual stimulus contingent on arm movement, and 32 served as a yoked control group. Findings indicated that exposure to a period in which the infant's expectancy regarding contingent outcomes is violated…

Content analyzed self-reports from 704 college students and used results to develop Marijuana Effect Expectancy Questionnaire and Cocaine Effect Expectancy Questionnaire. Identified six marijuana expectancies and five cocaine expectancies. Drug effect expectancies distinguished between patterns of nonuse and varying degrees of use of these two…

Assuming that educational planning is a communicative process involving the transmission of symbols to effect change, this article offers a transformative approach consolidating three basic transformations (symbols, frames of reference, and behavior). The articulation of vision, the socialization of expectations, and empowerment are conceptualized…

Examined effects of preparer (leader versus other personnel) and modality (group versus individual) on expectations about therapy, anxiety, group and individual functioning, and leader functioning in group therapy preparation program. Findings from 32 graduate students revealed that preparation can have positive effect on clients' beliefs,…

An analysis of apparent program failure should determine whether the fault lies with the program model, implementation strategy, expectations, or evaluation methods. The evaluation should be planned before completing and carrying out the program design. (SK)

Because of grading's imprecision and the absence of uniform intervals between grades, grades are really ordinal data. Because this is true, best summary of grades is median, not mean. Under this system, many C students are motivated to work harder, since one or two problem areas will not drag them down. Students also have less anxiety and improved…

Faculty participation in NASSP's Mentoring and Coaching program has positively influenced student-faculty relations in the Department of Educational Leadership at Florida State University. Proteges can arrange successful mentorships if they clarify needs and expectations, are time-conscious, respect and appreciate their mentors, maintain a dialog,…

Interviews with 27 "outsider" community development workers explored such issues as who benefits from outsider intervention, raising unrealistic expectations, and differing levels of risk. Workers must be aware of their considerable power (information, connections, and expertise) and the values that shape their use of it. (SK)

Results of an exercise in which 145 banking managers mentored a hypothetical protege indicated that mentors anticipated greater rewards and were more willing to mentor the better their proteges' past performance. Mentors were more willing to mentor and anticipated greater rewards if male proteges were married and female proteges were single. (SK)