The article summarizes findings of research on individual differences in reading ability, noting the primary effects of lack of phonological awareness on the ability to phonologically segment, analyze, and synthesize the speech stream. Other sources of individual differences are also addressed: early visual processes, naming processes, context,…

Proposes a framework to describe how individuals attempt to maintain a personally satisfying compatibility between sex-role and work relevant self perceptions, attitudes and behavior. (Author)

Questionnaires measuring parents' stress, life satisfaction, and perception of the child were administered to single and married mothers of disabled children. No differences between these groups were found on total scores or on subscale scores. Item differences related to family life in general rather than rearing a disabled child. (Author/BL)

Genetic and environmental influences on heart rate were studied in samples of twin pairs in middle childhood. Heart rate was measured in resting situation and under two task conditions. Heart rate was related to parental ratings of shyness, emotionality, and selective attention measure. Multivariate analysis suggested that covariance between heart…

Survey of familial and demographic factors on the receipt of support from family among blacks indicated that income, age, family contact, subjective family closeness, and proximity of relatives were determinants of receiving support. (Author/ABL)

The audio-tutorial was used in college level psychology classes to minimize student entry level differences in their knowledge of statistical concepts. The nature, rationale, and application of the audio-tutorial is described, and an evaluation study is presented. (RM)

Analyzes recent research on sex and gender in terms of (1) sex as a subject variable; (2) individual differences in masculinity, femininity, and androgyny; and (3) sex as a social category. Finds main effect differences of subject sex to be small, the status of androgyny uncertain, and the impact of gender stereotyping considerable. (CMG)

Investigated sex differences in moral thinking and the relationship between sex roles and moral judgment across the adult lifespan. A total of 60 subjects participated: 10 women and 10 men in each of three age groups (18-24, 30-50, 60-75). A multiple measures approach to data collection was employed. (RH)

Examined the role of initiator status on adjustment to marital disruption (N=144). Findings suggested that there were not overwhelming differences in marital dissatisfaction or preseparation discomfort between initiators and noninitiators but that initiators consistently perceived more benefits to the separation. (JAC)

Examined the level of perceptual differentiation of 42 young adult drug addicts. Analysis of variance showed that addicts, like alcoholics, were less perceptually differentiated than normals. Correlational and/or multivariate procedures yielded significant relationships between differentiation, verbal and abstraction abilities, likelihood of…

Examined personality differences in 71 residents in a community drug abuse program, using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Results showed successfully treated patients tended to be more aware of their problems and realize a greater need for help. They were slightly more depressed, suspicious, and anxious than unsuccessful patients.…

Demonstrated a set of research techniques that combine multidimensional scaling, a quantitative cognitive procedure, and a cost-outcome analysis to study subgroup behavior of obsessive-compulsives (N=12). Results indicated that obsessive-compulsives are underinclusive in their evaluation of stimuli during judgment task. (LLL)

The low predictive validity of infant tests is discussed in light of current issues in developmental psychology. Considers continuity and discontinuity in the development of early cognitive competence, intellectual heterogeneity problems, and individual-environment transactions. Provides suggestions for increasing predictive validity and indicates…

Explores the hypothesis that in simulated situations, mock judges (N=644) will be influenced by a defendant's previous mental hospitalization history. Results confirmed that dispositions of persons with a mental health history tended to be more restrictive and to involve mandatory health treatment. (JAC)

Investigated long-term trends in suicides among females using data focusing on 837 White and Hispanic females. Female suicide rates in Sacramento County have increased gradually since 1925. Indicators tentatively describing an etiology include marital status, employment status and occupation, physical ill health, familial loss or disruption, and…