Examines stability of individual differences in behaviorally induced heart-rate reactivity in 34 boys presented a cognitive task. Task-related heart-rate reactivity revealed substantial and highly reproducible individual differences in heart-rate reactivity independent of subjects' task performance. (Author/DB)

Evidence tends to support the individual nature of hypnosis effects and seems to generally limit the appropriateness of hypnotic intervention as an aid in promoting muscular output during physical activity. (JD)

Discusses the nature of individual differences in working memory and presents the span test that was used to assess working memory capability. Next it discusses how working memory capacity might influence two specific components of reading comprehension, retrieving facts and computing pronominal references. (NCR)

Rotter's social learning theory is applied to the learned helplessness paradigm, and is used to analyze (1) expectancy change processes occurring during helplessness training and (2) the generalization of those changes to other situations. Literature on individual and situational differences is also reviewed. (Author/SS)

Reviews Benjamin Bloom's new book, "Human Characteristics and School Learning," in which it is proposed that learning ability is determined by learning history and the quality of instruction. (SB)

High verbal subjects were much faster than low verbal subjects in making taxonomic category identity matches and homophone identity matches. High verbals were also faster in making physical identity matches. Males did not differ from females in the time required for any matching tasks; however, they made slightly more errors. (Author/MV)

Howard Gardner's hypothesis of seven distinct types of intelligence is explained and each of the theorized intelligences is related to the theory of cognitive style. The article concludes that multiple intelligence theory is not about new "intelligences," but rather, a reframing of what others have defined as cognitive styles. (DB)

Demonstrated how individual differences in semantic differential data can be modeled and assessed using three-mode models by studying the characterization of Chopin's "Preludes" by 38 Japanese college students. (SLD)

Explains adaptive hypermedia, provides a brief overview of adaptive navigation support techniques in educational hypermedia systems, and analyzes the results of most representative empirical studies. Demonstrates the importance of context and knowledge levels of the users and suggests that meta-adaptive hypermedia systems should be the next step.…

Explores the nature of psychological distance in distance learning and identifies student support issues. Presents initial findings from a pilot study at the University of Plymouth (United Kingdom) comparing the experiences of remote and local students, including gender issues, individual differences in approaches to study, and expectations.…

Offers a brief overview of the field of individual differences in language learning, especially as they are reflected in learning styles, learning strategies, and affective variables. Touches on areas for further research. (Author/VWL)

Explored developmental regulation in adults at different ages. Assessed developmental goals, expectations about goal attainment and control, control strategies, life satisfaction, and age identification. Found that, with increasing age, participants expressed increased focus on age-appropriate goals, stronger tendency for compensatory secondary…

Reading style considers how students' learning ability is affected by the reading environment and readers' emotional states, sociological preferences, physical needs, and information-processing style. Teachers can accommodate different styles by providing soft-cushioned seating, dimly lit reading areas, learning centers, varied reading materials,…

Through a literary and philosophical analysis of the poem "Metaphors of a Magnifico" by Wallace Stevens, expresses the need in applied linguistics to address the individual's experience of language. Argues that applied linguistics works with idealized abstractions that sanitize and exclude the "private residue of the individual experience."…

Ethical career assessment of female clients requires global gender sensitivity as well as knowledge of gender issues in the areas of individual differences and career choice process. Whether quantitative or qualitative, informal or formal, assessments and interpretations should be gender sensitive for both men and women. (Contains 79 references.)…