This monograph contains the third section, operations at the factor level, of a report of studies done in Helsinki, Finland, describing school achievement in terms of ability, trait, situational, and background variables. The report (1) investigates the structure of school achievement, (2) describes school achievement in terms of selected…

Nineteen Negro children, ages 5 to 5 1/2, were divided into four treatment groups to study the value of feedback to learning. Group I received feedback on correct and incorrect responses on a simple concept identification task. Group II received information only on correct answers. Group III were given the same task as I and II, but received no…

This research investigated the interrelationships of educational decision making with the organizational climate and innovativeness in public schools. The data used in the study were gathered from 1,250 professional staff members in 49 public schools in Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, and Utah. The participating schools were classified into…

The mathematical derivation of the statistics used for inference in some linear models assumes that the values of the independent variables are measured without error. This assumption is often disregarded when these models are utilized in research. This study is an investigation of the consequences of the violation of this assumption for one…

Reported is a study of the relationship of independent study, object visualization, and anxiety to hypothesis formation by college freshmen in the biological sciences. The participants of the study were 108 undergraduate females who had no previous science instruction and who were enrolled in introductory biology classes. The subjects, randomly…

The purpose of this module is to provide the researcher and the consumers of such research with a recognition of the assumptions and appropriate use and interpretation of each of 10 multiple comparison (MC) statistical techniques. In this self-contained and self-instructional module, the user is sensitized to the serious consequences of…

Pearson's unrestricted chi-square procedure is reviewed, and an historical presentation of Neyman's restricted chi-square test is introduced with a discussion of its theory and applicability to education. An example of the Neyman procedure is discussed in detail to familiarize researchers with this useful technique for analyzing contingency…

Three topics in factor analysis are covered: a) a reliability coefficient for assessing the quality of a maximum likelihood factor analysis, b) an application of three-mode factor analysis to serial learning data, showing variations in learning curves over stages of learning and individuals, and c) the use of personal probability functions to…

This paper is concerned with the study of similarities and differences in factor structures between different groups. A common situation is when a battery of tests has been administered to samples of examinees from several populations. A very general model is presented, in which any parameter in the factor analysis models (factor loadings, factor…

This paper deals with three areas concerning early vocal development: (1) review and critique of existing experimental evidence suggesting that early vocal behavior has the properties of an operant response, (2) speculations concerning the role of non-verbal vocal behavior in early psychological development, and (3) suggestions for future…

This study investigated the feasibility of structured, programmed practice with tape-recorded materials and its effect upon the performance achievement of beginning elementary cornet and trumpet students. The main purpose of the study was to facilitate the teaching and learning in instrumental performance through the application of programmed…

This document consists of unrevised lecture notes for the first half of a 20-week in-house graduate course at Rand Corporation. The chapter headings are: (1) Histograms and descriptive statistics; (2) Measures of dispersion, distance and goodness of fit; (3) Using JOSS for data analysis; (4) Binomial distribution and normal approximation; (5)…

Awareness of the presence of sexual double entendres within a word association test was investigated with measures of response time, verbal content of responses, and videotaped facial expressions. Subjects characterized as internal-field independent were found to become aware earlier in the task, to test out their developing hypothesis about the…

This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of social reinforcement as a function of familiarity with the adult agent administering the reinforcers. First and fifth grade children were tested in a marble dropping task on two successive days. On the second day half of the children at each grade level were tested by the same experimenter…

Statistics are an essential tool for making proper judgement decisions. It is concerned with probability distribution models, testing of hypotheses, significance tests and other means of determining the correctness of deductions and the most likely outcome of decisions. Measures of central tendency include the mean, median and mode. A second…