The reliability of differences between pretest and posttest measures with intervening experimental treatment can be highly reliable under some conditions. If the error components of pretest and posttest measures are correlated, the classical formula for the reliability of differences underestimates the actual reliability of gains. (Author/CM)

A weighted harmonic means analysis is presented that incorporates all of the available data, preserves the planned proportionality of the design, and avoids the problems associated with the replacement of missing data with sample estimates. (Author/BW)

Suggests that minority groups research concentrate on the search for constraints and variables that meet the following criteria: (1) they should be characteristic potentials of humanity and human society; (2) they should have functional significance for individual, as well as social system psychology; and (3) they should be capable of being…

A solution to some problems of maximized contrasts for analysis of variance situations when the cell sizes are unequal is offered. It is demonstrated that a contrast is maximized relative to the analysis used to compute the sum of squares between groups. Interpreting a maximum contrast is discussed. (Author/GK)

The article presents an analysis of the 229 research reports which have appeared in two major learning disability journals since 1978. Among findings are that the vast majority of these studies are quasiexperimental in nature and control of extraneous variables (e.g., intelligence) was not appropriately demonstrated in many studies. (Author)

This paper provides a critical examination of the current status of metamemory. First, review of background influences and a critique of conceptualizations of metamemory are presented. Next, research methods are examined, and empirical results concerning the relationship between metamemory and memory are reviewed. Finally, several suggestions are…

The perfunctory use of factor scores in conjunction with regression analysis is inappropriate for many purposes. It is suggested that factoring methods are most suitable for independent variable sets when some consideration has been given to the nature of the domain, which is implied by the predictors. (Author/BW)

This article builds on an earlier discussion of the importance of the Type II error (beta) and power to the hypothesis testing process (CE 511 484), and illustrates the methods by which sample size calculations should be employed so as to improve the research process. (Author/CT)

Indices of relative and absolute congruence are discussed, with particular emphasis on the applicability of the simple percentage of agreement. (Author/BW)

Discusses conceptual and methodological problems surrounding research on Italian women's roles. Presents case studies of women who do not fit into the stereotypes used to describe Italian women and to demonstrate research uses of source materials. (Author/MK)

Monte Carlo validation studies of clustering algorithms, including Ward's minimum variance hierarchical method, are reviewed. Caution concerning the uncritical selection of Ward's method for recovering cluster structure is advised. Alternative explanations for differential recovery performance are explored and recommendations are made for future…

The author discusses the phenomenon of incubation in creative problem solving, distinguishes it from "creative worrying" and "tip of the tongue" experiences, and reviews research to indicate a lack of evidence of incubation's existence in well-controlled studies. Note: For related information, see EC 120 232-238. (CL)

Argues that the item of first priority in general semantics research is to come up with a coherent framework for the overall organization of general semantics studies, and offers a few thoughts on beginning the search for a solution to this problem. (GT)

Criticizes the methodology used in the preparation of the report of the National Enquiry into Scholarly Publishing. Argues that small presses were underrepresented on the Enquiry staff and that several important factors were ignored during the course of the research. Challenges the Enquiry's findings and recommendations. (JP)

Discusses a subdiscipline of history, Quantitative Social Scientific History (QUASSH), which encompasses economic, political, and social histories. Suggests that devotees of this subdiscipline neglect mainstream historical skills and the work of other historians to the detriment of their own work. (Author/KC)