The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as ChatGPT, presents both opportunities and challenges. While some studies suggest that AI use can be beneficial, others have identified detrimental effects on performance. Drawing on literature that explores the relationship between personality traits and compulsive technology use, this study investigated whether the Big Five personality traits contribute to compulsive ChatGPT use. In this cross-sectional study, 207 university students in China completed a survey measuring compulsive ChatGPT use, Big Five personality traits, and demographic information. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that compulsive ChatGPT use was positively associated with neuroticism and negatively associated with agreeableness, after controlling for age. No significant relationships were found between compulsive ChatGPT use and openness, conscientiousness, or extraversion. This study provides empirical evidence of the role of personality traits in compulsive ChatGPT use. The findings may help educators identify students at risk for compulsive ChatGPT use, particularly those high in neuroticism, and suggest directions for potential interventions.