This report reviews and synthesizes psychological and educational research on learning strategies. The report contains an overview of strategy modification; a review of factors influencing strategy selection and use (including intellectual aptitude, personality variables, cognitive style, reception preference, motivation, sex, and prior…

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of contextual knowledge on comprehension and retention of text material. The subjects were 144 high school students randomly assigned to experimental conditions. The subjects were provided with different types of information about the theme and context of various prose passages, and…

The National Institute of Education takes a fundamental approach to the problems it is addressing. This implies the creation of an intellectual framework for the problem areas, which can be used to systematize existing knowledge and research approaches and suggest promising new directions for research and development. Neural mechanisms of learning…

The purpose of this study was to determine if the Bransford and Franks linear effect is or is not a function of semantic integration. The subjects were 32 volunteers from two undergraduate psychology courses at the University of Georgia. Stimulus materials consisted of four meaningful (M) complex embedded English sentences and four meaningless…

This study is an attempt to partially confirm the hypothesis that first grade children, generally lacking the skills and/or capacities for efficiently organizing their memories for verbally-presented information, benefit from illustrations which provide a simple external memory. The sample consisted of 32 first grade (second semester) children,…

This study investigated the effects of stimulus presentation rate on primacy-recency effects in children. A modification of the Digit Span task used in the Binet and Wechsler intelligence scales provided the basic memory task administered to 56 male school children in grades kindergarten, second, fourth, and sixth. The specific design required…

Prospective remembering (remembering to carry out specific activities at some future time) was investigated in this study. This investigation focused on episodic prospective remembering (memory for actions performed either infrequently or on an irregular basis ) rahter than habitual prospective remembering (memory for actions routinely engaged…

The purposes of this study were to determine if test stimulus was a member of the memory set and if items in an interactive image held in short term memory (STM) could be scanned simultaneously. In experiment one, 50 university subjects compared a test word with a set of one to three words held in STM. The rate of STM search was obtained by…

This report reviews the psychological and psycholinguistic literature from the last decade that deals with memory for sentences. It is concluded that the encoded representation of a sentence reflects both syntactic and semantic content, with the semantic content being far less transient. (Author)

This study explored the viability of several theories in describing adjective memory. For the study, college students were told either to form images or to learn sentences. A noun-prompted sentence recall task exposed their memory for adjectives modifying either subject nouns. Results revealed that subject modifiers were better remembered than…

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of note taking and review on retention of information presented by lecture. One hundred seventy-two undergraduates enrolled in an introductory psychology course served as subjects for the experiment. All subjects listened to a lecture while engaging in study strategies consisting of…

Experimental hypotheses are proposed which assert (1) that "thought" and "language" are distinct but both are part of linguistic performance; (2) that "thought" is central, and "language" is a symbolic system that one uses to refer in various ways to what he thinks; and (3) that immediate memory works with utterances and linguistic texts over a…

Based on the broader needs for long-term studies of the effects of instructional treatments, for behavioral objectives, and for learning hierarchies, this research investigated differences in the effect on learning and rate of forgetting when students are informed of the behavioral objectives and learning hierarchy. It was expected that students…

This paper reports results of two retention studies. In each, tests were given some time after instruction to a class of students whose initial level of performance was quite high. Results of these studies are summarized in terms of evidence related to the following questions: (1) to what extent are performances immediately following learning…

The experiment tested the effects of presentation word orders in a multitrial free-recall task. Three types of presentation were used: (1) randomized; (2) constant order; and (3) maintained order (maintenance of subjects order of recall on the subsequent presentation). In addition, the effects of number of recalls per presentation (1 or 3) were…