Purpose: Predictive coding theories posit that autism is characterized by an over-adjustment to prediction errors, resulting in frequent updates of prior beliefs. Atypical weighting of prediction errors is generally considered to negatively impact the construction of stable models of the world, but may also yield beneficial effects. In a novel…

Critical thinking and strategic processing have become ubiquitous both in the educational research literature as well as practice. However, neither of these constructs has had commonly agreed upon definitions or common agreement on how they relate to each other. This review first lays the conceptual stage for how these constructs have been defined…

Current views posit that forming and retrieving memories of ongoing events influences action control. However, the organizational structure of these memories, or event files, remains unclear. The "hierarchical coding view" posits a hierarchical structure, wherein task sets occupy a high level of the hierarchy. Here, the contents of an…

The goal of this article is to propose a framework for understanding the nature of "how people construct problems" by interacting with situations and subsequently to offer implications for instructional design and future research. We propose that people must interactively frame the components of a situation in order to establish the…

Language is one of the essential elements of communication. Learning some common language can help people overcome language barriers between people from different countries. English is one of the common languages and it helps individuals adapt to the modern world. Learning the English language is beneficial through teaching methods developed based…

It is said that our species use mnemonics -- that "magic of memorization" -- to engrave an enormous amount of information in the brain. Yet, it is unclear how mnemonics affect memory and what the neural underpinnings are. In this electroencephalography study, we examined the hypotheses whether mnemonic training improved…

In this paper, we discuss the role of executive functions in shifting between symbolic and situational mathematical representations. Through the process of inhibition, an abstract representation is separated from concrete features and represented in terms of abstract symbols. This is a shift from a situational representation to a symbolic one.…

During early adolescence, individuals can refine their use of cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy while experiencing instability of psychological well-being through changes to positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction. This scoping review aimed to identify and summarise the key findings from studies that have…

Forum discussions in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) play a crucial role in promoting learning engagement and academic achievement. In particular, discussion topics significantly influence learners' emotional and cognitive engagement. However, the complex interrelationships among these factors remain underexplored. This study introduces an…

The global impact of COVID in 2020 is forcing higher education institutions in many countries to adopt a hybrid model of education. The shift to blended education has been trending globally. However, the change in pedagogy has reduced the quality of students' learning experience and prevented them from deep learning. Therefore, the current study…

Children with specific learning disorder (SLD) have poor academic skills, but they also experience difficulties with their peers, including an inability to recognize interpersonal conflict, infer emotion, and resolve social conflict. In addition, children with SLD are known to have problems with language. The importance of language to social…

This study investigated inductive reasoning abilities in 3-5-year-old children across perceptual similarity and linguistic label conditions. Sixty-five typically developing children aged 3 to 5 participated in reasoning tasks involving natural and artificial targets. In the experimental design, children learned two contrasting characteristics…

Aperiodic electroencephalography (EEG) activity is hypothesized to index biological mechanisms that underpin brain functioning. This longitudinal study characterized the developmental trajectories of the aperiodic slope (i.e., aperiodic exponent) and offset from infancy to 7 years of age in a US community sample (N = 391, 46.5% female,…

Most jazz music contains some form of improvisation. Therefore, teaching improvisation, or spontaneous musical composition within a given context, remains an important task in music education. Discovering the neural processes involved in jazz improvisation might aid music educators who teach jazz improvisation and give researchers greater insight…

Background: Effective translation practice requires a profound understanding of source and target languages. Previous research acknowledges the role of context in translation, but few explore this through analysis of cognitive load translations. Purpose: This study aims to address a gap in educational research by investigating how contextual…