The selection of place names (toponyms) for use on a map depends on the available space. This selection may be distorted by regulations, cartographic procedures, preferences, or map functions. An investigation of place names used on maps of minority language group areas in Western Europe revealed the influence of cartographers and topographers on…

Three colloquium papers are presented on two fields of linguistics, dialogism (the study of dialogue content) and polyphony (the representation of different sounds by the same letter or symbol). The first paper, by J. Moeschler, examines dialogism, dialogue, and polyphony from the perspective of the pragmatics of the utterance and the pragmatics…

A list of 103 books, articles, working papers, and other publications focuses on two areas of research on multilingualism: (1) studies of two language groups learning a common third language and transfer from non-native and native languages in foreign and second language learning (78 entries); and (2) other linguistic and psycholinguistic works on…

Concerns raised in 1967 about the state of British research on language teaching and learning are still applicable, including a need (Birmingham, England, February 24-26); see FL 016 092. teaching, and to a lesser extent, a lack of published information on the applications of academic psychology to language teaching. Early initiatives in these…

A study of the uses of the French verb forms ending in "-ant" and the English forms ending in "-ing" begins with a discussion of the identification and classification of the various uses (substantive, adjectival, and adverbial) in each language and then compares them. The research finds that the English uses are far more varied…

A study of the difference between knowledge and use of two languages by bilinguals in a partially bilingual situation looks at what is known about language knowledge and language usage, the linguistic and communication tensions affecting monolinguals in a community, some special cases, and the possibilities for diachronic analysis of language…

Contradictory previous research results showing that (1) language knowledge does not decrease with age; and (2) age differences exist in semantic strategies for memory recall provide the impetus for a study of semantic priming in young adults (mean age = 20) and older adults (mean age = 70) by providing target and prime words with six different…

Verbal productivity and lack of self-disclosure about feelings by counselor trainees may indicate resistance in a supervision session. In order to investigate resistance as it relates to trainees' statements, 20 supervisors viewed and rated a 15-minute videotape of a simulated supervisory session, in which the trainee was instructed to exhibit…

Previous research on the effects of counselor language on clients' perception of the counselor's social influence indicated that counselors using complex language were seen as more expert. Seventy-eight undergraduate and graduate counselor trainees participated in a study to replicate these earlier findings by investigating the effects of…

Three aspects of language behavior--linguistic independence, linguistic interference, and code-switching, are an integral part of the language processing experiences of the bilingual person. Complex cerebral mechanisms function in a coordinated effort to analyze and synthesize the various components of linguistic codes, store them in semantic…

Semantic theory, its relationship to comprehension, the nature and function of semantic memory, and results of some research on semantic memory and bilinguals are discussed through a review of recent literature. The findings discussed seem to confirm these general observations regarding semantic memory and bilinguals: (1) there is integration and…

A replication was conducted of Sterling Leonard's 1932 survey of "Current English Usage," which submitted a questionnaire of expressions to judges consisting of linguists, journalists, teachers, and businessmen. It was hypothesized that more of the expressions in Leonard's study would be acceptable today (looser standards) than was the…

During the 1980s, there has been some movement toward a return to grammar in the applied linguistics of language teaching, as seen in the number of grammar-based English-as-a-Second-Language textbooks published and in the grammatical emphasis of certain successful textbooks. However justifiable this is as a reaction to the move away from grammar…

This study investigates whether other relationships in sentence structure besides the "brother-in-law" relation sanction surrogate agreement in Zinacanteco Tzotzil (Mayan). Surrogate agreement refers to cases in which an element that lies outside the class of regular agreement controllers in a language (the surrogate) controls…

There is significant synchronic evidence of the close relationship between anaphoric and grammatical agreement even within the grammatical structures of a single language. It is possible to predict clear syntactic differences between a grammatical agreement marker and a morphologically incorporated pronoun. What is required is a theory of…