Two strands of feminist pedagogy are (1) the liberatory model, which examines structured power relations and systems of oppression, and (2) the gender model, dealing with women's socialization as nurturers. Adult education teaching strategies and learning environments may be based on aspects of these two models. (SK)

The Student's Orientation Questionnaire was completed by three groups of adults (n=384, 292, 109). Rather than a continuum, the relationship between andragogy and pedagogy was orthogonal. Learners could be categorized in four stages depending on whether andragogical and pedagogical orientation was low or high. (SK)

Mezirow restates the major ideas of his transformation theory and addresses criticisms in terms of adult development, ideology, and Freire's concept of conscientization. Tennant and Newman's reactions are followed by Mezirow's response. (SK)

Cognitive style constructs challenge learning theories or practices that presume a high degree of cognitive style similarity among adult learners. The cognitive style of field dependence/independence explains differences in adults' capacities for self-direction and indicates possible contradictions inherent in andragogical assumptions. (JOW)

The community is a natural setting for autonomous, democratic adult education. A framework for connecting the community and adult education has three mechanisms: community formal adult education, community nonformal adult education, and community informal adult education. (SK)

Women acquire knowledge and identity in different ways. The history of women's educational inequities, current state of women's literacy, and methods of literacy programs justify gender-specific programing based on adult learning theories that are focused on construction of experience and perspective transformation. (SK)

By separating accountability-driven and growth-oriented teacher evaluation, school systems can remove numerous organizational obstacles to professional development. Teachers are not penalized for failure to meet challenging goals. Personal barriers to change (lack of awareness, disillusionment, distrust, pessimism, and other problems) may be…

The pedagogical model views trainees as passive recipients; andragogy assumes learner self-direction. A contingency approach to adult learning recognizes a need for individualized approaches based on an assessment of trainee characteristics. (SK)

The human brain is triune--controlling physical activity, emotion, and cognition. Strategies for dealing with the affective element, such as creating self-awareness, positive self-concept, trust, and acceptance, are important influences upon learning. (SK)

Cognitive apprenticeship teaches acceptable performance, integration of practical and theoretical knowledge, and understanding specific situations. Five phases are involved: modeling, approximating, fading, self-directed learning, and generalizing. (SK)

Learning in the arts is a partnership involving trust, new ways of seeing, and risk taking. Teachers serve as guides, assist in cultivating aesthetic sensibility, model the lifestyle, and provide a safe haven. (SK)

Explores distance learning for adult learners and possible barriers to successful participation in distance education. Highlights include student demographics; student barriers; faculty barriers; organizational barriers; and course considerations, including standards, curriculum development, course content, and pacing. (LRW)

Interviews with 118 rural and urban physicians revealed their belief that pharmaceutical information provided in response to their questions was more credible than that offered spontaneously by sales representatives. Information must satisfy an existing need and must be verified as a possible solution to practice problems. (SK)

Describing incidents of racial tension on college campuses, the author presents the efforts of University of Memphis's Office of Diversity to increase dialog, critical thinking, and a democratic environment among students. Shows how Freire's conscientization and the philosophical perspectives of Mezirow and Lindeman were used in the process. (SK)

Health care organizations with successful internal education programs can expand their offerings through a formal externalization process. The process involves needs assessment, environmental scanning, identification of internal successes, and selection of appropriate topics. (SK)