Notes that black people are extremely adept at survival and suggests that historians need to identify and emphasize the mechanisms by which this survival has been possible. (Author/AM)

Notes that the important issues in current bilingual education in the United States are of two major sorts. One of these is concerned with the operation of existing bilingual programs, and includes problems of adequate teaching staff and proper integration of programs. The other deals with the perceived aims and purposes of bilingual education…

Research in art education must deal with the structure-in-process of creating, including both cognitive and intuitive approaches of human understanding. The Structural-Existential (S-E) Model can analyze this paradox. To exemplify the theoretical arguments, the author uses excerpts from contexts of creating in art. (SJL)

In discussing the problems of evaluating Canadian bilingual immersion programs, six related aspects are separately considered: (1) the research design, (2) the students tested, (3) the nature of the tests used, (4) the methods of analysis employed, and (5) the interpretation of findings. (Author/SJL)

The roles of summative and formative evaluation as scientific approaches to theory building in instructional television programing for children are examined through a review of research studies. The author contends that the bias toward summative evaluation has been premature in an area of inquiry, where most of the variables are yet to be…

Discusses a study of the relationship between contributions to scientific knowledge and the application of those contributions. Data collected from a U.S. Forest Service project indicate that the impact of research and development is greater when the knowledge-creation process is seen as a response to client needs rather than when researchers are…

In discussing the past, present, and future of research in teacher effectiveness, this article notes that researcher's conceptions of teacher effectiveness has determined the nature of the research and the usefulness of the findings; process-product research can produce reliable information; the tools needed to build a knowledge base for effective…

Trotman (EJ 168 902) indicated that Black and White families of similar socioeconomic status differ widely in intellectual home environment, and suggested the nonutility of socioeconomic status as a control in racial comparisons of IQ. The validity of Trotman's conclusions is questioned, both for methodology and results. (Author/BH)

Three aspects of desegregated schools, dealt with in the other articles in this volume, are discussed: the relation of stratification in the community to social relations and academic identities in the schools; the distinction between school desegregation and school integration; and the problem of time lag in the study of emergent social…

Points out weaknesses in research studies purporting to show that there is no transfer value to the teaching of grammar; presents 21 pointers to aid in establishing a good grammar program. (DD)

The path to increasing certainty becomes not the single excellent study, which is nonetheless weak in one or more respects, but the convergence of findings from many studies, which are also weak, but in many different ways. The dissimilar or nonreplicated weaknesses leave the replicated finding more secure. (Author/IRT)

Typically, applied social research is of much lower quality than one would like to see in light of its importance in social policy formation. It is conducted by social scientists who are not yet rewarded by high standing, and the end results are often irrelevant to the ongoing policy formation process. (Author/CTM)

Distortion and selective disclosure limit data that are available to program evaluators, producing a bias that tends to maintain the status quo. Paradoxically, attempts to objectify the data only increase the potential for distortion. Ironically, one way to encourage innovation may be to not measure it. Additional solutions are suggested.…

Major concerns about conducting research in American Indian Communities are reviewed and discussed. Examples of three research projects conducted with Indian communities are summarized, and procedures found to be sensitive to the cultural milieu of the community are examined. (Author)

Behavioral objectives should be regarded as one of several tools available to educators. Research should be directed toward determining their advantages and limitations, as well as the conditions under which they can be used more effectively. Conditions vary depending upon student awareness of and interest in stated objectives; clarity,…