Notes similarities between certain aspects of the development of the natural language English and the artificial language FORTRAN. Discusses evolutionary history, grammar, style, syntax, varieties, and attempts at standardization. Emphasizes modifications which natural and artificial languages have undergone. Suggests that some modifications were…

Harris's original idea of transformations has been changed several times in Chomsky's work. This article explicates these transformations, arguing that though their motivations are highly understandable, these transformations are not necessary for understanding the workings of natural languages. (Author/VWL)

The purpose of this study was two-fold: it primarily intended to incorporate some insights into the newly-explored field of L3A: secondly, it aimed to highlight the significance of translation as a valid language activity in exploring the native language influence on non-native language acquisition process. To this end, it investigated the…

The relationship between linguistic types and the valence of operators on the genotype level of Applicative Universal Grammar (AUG) is examined. Assuming that the "t" and "s" types may be treated as zero-place operators, a relationship is found between the valence of an operator and its genotype, which explains the difference…

Two experiments investigated how children (aged 6-8) acquire knowledge of the direct and the indirect object in terms of linguistic marking. The experiments were designed to test the proposition that children should expect a marked linguistic form to be the indirect object. (GO)

The "Elsewhere Condition" has been proposed by P. Kiparsky as an alternative to a treatment of disjuncive ordering. This article evaluates the Elsewhere condition and concludes there is little evidence to warrant its incorporation into linguistic theory. (CK)

This paper argues for cases of global rules that do not meet the constraining conditions proposed by P. Kiparsky, thereby proving these constraints invalid. (CK)

Argues that referring expressions in all languages are specialized as to the degree of accessibility they mark. The treatment of referring expressions should not be separate from expressions which serve as antecedents as opposed to those which are always anaphoric. (CB)

Reviews literature on language transfer and language universals. Defines language universals as those linguistic elements which are common to all languages. Discusses language transfer and language universals as interacting phenomena. Concludes that language universals serve as an overall guiding principle in second language acquisition,…

Examines how multiple phonetic constraints interact to produce universal sound patterns and how the resulting systems may differ. A computational model of emergent syllable systems is presented that is based on a set of functional constraints on syllable systems and the assumption that language structure emerges through cumulative change over…

This paper focuses on the idea that the study of language standards and standard languages must make reference to a different level of consciousness from that associated with the sort of naive language production in which the question of standards does not arise. Consciousness of language refers to the activity of reflecting upon the use of…

Kiparsky's "elsewhere condition" and the universal principle of Proper Inclusion Precedence in a theory of anti-extrinsic ordering are found inadequate for the application of the subrules of a mirror-image rule. An extension of the formulation of PIP incorporates explicit reference to mirror-image rules. (Author/RM)

A proposed model for an interim grammar between a first and second language, an autonomous rule-governed system based on the Extended Standard Theory, is presented and discussed, focusing on the motivations for choosing a generative model and the determination of structure for an interlanguage system, and using a comparison of the auxiliary system…

Contrastive analysis is basic to all linguistics since only by this approach can a general theory of language (language universals) be constructed and only with at least implicit contrastive analysis can a particular language be fully characterized. Two kinds of contrastive analysis have been basic to diachronic linguistics: the comparison of…

Intended for the student of linguistics or the structural grammarian, who must develop an awareness of their intellectual heritage, the present work surveys the study of language in ancient times, the medieval and early modern periods, the nineteenth century, and the twentieth century to 1950. (This second edition includes additional material on…