There was a time in the Americas when many different languages were spoken by the diverse native peoples. This situation changed rapidly as waves of Europeans arrived, containing and controlling the native peoples, often forcing them to forfeit language and culture. Today remnants of some Native American tribes are striving to find ways to…

This paper argues that the Korean particles "-to" and "-na" can be analyzed as having one core meaning with their own accompanying meanings due to illocutionary forces or to people's world-knowledge on orderings among the elements of alternative sets. It also maintains that both the incompatibility of "amwu" ('any')…

Causative constructions have been observed to have an iconic relationship between form and meaning. In Nepali, the citation form of a verb ends in "-nu." By inserting the morpheme "-au" before "-nu," one can change the verbs into corresponding causative verbs. In addition, Nepali has several causative verbs that form…

An alphabetical working list of about 1,000 languages that have appeared in the linguistic research of the Center for Applied Linguistics in the last 15 years is presented. A standard name for each language is provided, with an indication of alternative names for the language and the geographic location of the native speakers. An explanation for…

The acoustic effects of the syllable-final /l/ significantly alter the vocalic timbre of the preceding vowel in Catalan. Vowel quality is modified anticipatory to the articulatory gestures required by the /l/, resulting in a lowered second formant. Syllable-final /l/ in Catalan is heavily velarized as a result of tongue tip-tongue back coupling…

This bibliography contains over 500 citations of journal articles, research reports, essays, and papers on the writing systems of a variety of African languages. Items cited were published between 1900 and 1990, are in either English or French, and most are annotated in French. A postface discusses the social and historical context of written…

It is proposed in this paper that there are two rules involved in Finnish vowel harmony--prescriptive and descriptive. The prescriptive rule requires a back vowel in the suffix whenever there is a back vowel in the root; the descriptive rule lets the value of the last non-neutral vowel spread to the suffix and additionally involves an analysis of…

A syntactic analysis of the behavior of the Japanese causative is presented within the framework of Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG). Three points are made: (1) certain aspects of the case-marking in the Japanese causative construction can be accounted for if it is assumed that the formation of the causative involves verb-movement, and that…

A discussion of Japanese topic construction argues that topicalization is merely an attachment of the topic particle "wa". It also proposes that other operations associated with this construction, such as movement and base-generation, are not specifically related to topicalization but can be explained in terms of more general rules of…

The Reporter's Test (DeRenzi and Ferrari, 1978), which investigates the expressive abilities of aphasics, is proven to be useful, through its use in two studies of features of Welsh, for sociolinguists studying language features. The test has great capacity for predicting syntactic forms and eliciting casual styles of speech. (Author/CB)

This book deals with the language of 14 non-Russian republics, examining how their speakers struggle to maintain those languages as an integral part of their cultures. There are 19 chapters in five parts. After (1) "On Language," part 1, "The Western Borderlands," includes: (2) "Ukraine: The Little Russians"; (3)…

This book presents a tractable computational model that can cope with complex morphological operations, especially in Semitic languages, and less complex morphological systems present in Western languages. It outlines a new generalized regular rewrite rule system that uses multiple finite-state automata to cater to root-and-pattern morphology,…

This paper deals with the problem of the casual origin of the Greek infinitives in "-men,""ein," with respect to the "endingless locative" and the casus indefinitus" hypothesis. These assumptions can be connected with the progress made in the linguistic research, especially on the nominal inflection, from a…

This collection of papers includes the following: "Preface: The Acquisition of Celtic Languages" (Jeffrey L. Kallen); "The Development of Finiteness in Early Welsh" (Robert D. Borsley and Bob Morris Jones); "Acquiring Subject and Object Relatives; Evidence from Irish" (Helen Goodluck, Eithne Guilfoyle, and Sile…

The Universal Esperanto Association (UEA) association has two aims: to promote the use of the international language Esperanto, and to facilitate all relations, spiritual and material, among people, without distinction as to nationality, race, religion, politics, or language. This paper focuses on the contribution of the Esperanto movement to the…