This report uses meta-analysis to derive correlations between the variables of teacher immediacy, cognitive learning, and affective learning. A model was constructed such that the perception of teacher immediacy, a behavior, generates an intermediate outcome of affect, a motivation, which in turn increases cognitive learning outcome. The data…

Experiments offer more reliable evidence on causation than observational studies, which is not to gainsay the contribution to knowledge from observation. Experiments should be analyzed as experiments, not as observational studies. A simple comparison of rates might be just the right tool, with little value added by "sophisticated" models. This…

One important property of human object categories is that they define the sets of exemplars to which newly observed properties are generalized. We manipulated the causal knowledge associated with novel categories and assessed the resulting strength of property inductions. We found that the theoretical coherence afforded to a category by…

Comments on the response offered by Cheng and Novick to White's initial comments on Cheng's and Cheng and Novick's previous articles. White asks if regularity information necessary for causal learning. He and Cheng and Novick agree that the causal relation is understood as a generative relation, but disagree on how this understanding comes about.…

The practice of science as a mode of discovery is subject to change. This paper examines the "sciences" practiced by G. Stanley Hall in his "Adolescence" of 1904 and by contemporary researchers who study youth in 2004. After briefly reviewing the nature of Hall's empiricism, we draw on a representative sample of articles (n=182) published between…

Community colleges, although being a potential source of future scientists and engineers, there are certain faults in the reform approach of these colleges that need to be addressed. The Multicultural Alliance for Technology, Research, and Information Exchange (MATRIX) model is presented to energize community colleges to create a science research…

In this article, 41 models of covariation detection from 2 x 2 contingency tables were evaluated against past data in the literature and against data from new experiments. A new model was also included based on a limiting case of the normative phi-coefficient under an extreme rarity assumption, which has been shown to be an important factor in…

The impact of academic programs--such as developmental mathematics programs--on student retention, has been a controversial topic for administrators, policy makers, and faculty in higher education. Despite deep interest in the effectiveness of these programs in retaining students, scholars have been unable to determine whether such programs have a…

An analytical approach was employed to compare sensitivity of causal effect estimates with different assumptions on treatment noncompliance and non-response behaviors. The core of this approach is to fully clarify bias mechanisms of considered models and to connect these models based on common parameters. Focusing on intention-to-treat analysis,…

This article presents propensity score matching as a method to implement randomized conditions to analyze service effects using nonexperimental data. Most social work research is challenged to implement randomized clinical trials, whereas administrative and survey data are often available and can provide valuable information about services…

This study was conducted to assess the impact of organizational identification on consequences like job satisfaction and turnover intention of organizational members. It also explored the mediational role played by organizational citizenship behavior in the relationship. Using a sample (n=127) of Indian employees, this current study makes a…

College student retention has become the area of research that has done the most to integrate various administrative factors and academic disciplinary concerns in the research agenda of higher education. V. Tintos model has long been cited as the major theory in explaining dropout behavior. As his theory is so intertwined with path analysis,…

Program directors and evaluators need to address the important program accountability question of attribution of outcomes. This discussion is a beginning. Starting with some basics, such as the meaning of the program, approaches to program theory development, and the nature of attribution, the paper suggests three types of attribution. An…

Fitted structural equation models to covariances among 9 cognitive abilities Test variables, 11 intelligence test variables, and 3 achievement test scaled scores of 532 primary school children in a twin studies project. Results suggest that individual differences in mental speed are a main causal factor underlying correlation between general…

Compares the usefulness of standard score results (such as correlations and standardized regression of coefficients) to that of raw scores results (such as covariances and raw score regression coefficients). Examines the two main advantages of presenting standardized results. Demonstrates the implications of these two standardized score advantages…