The research described here seeks to characterize the "managerial" aspects of expert and novice problem-solving behavior, and to describe the impact of managerial or "executive" actions on success or failure in problem solving. A framework for analyzing protocols of problem-solving sessions based on "episodes" of…

Gal'perin's instructional theory of problem solving is described. This theory of stage-by-stage formation of mental actions was chosen as a theoretical basis for the construction and evaluation of courses in higher education, particularly in science and technology. A Programme of Actions and Methods (PAM) for problem solving in science,…

Organizational consultation is often viewed as a four-stage process: entry, diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation. A fifth stage, preparation of organizations to conduct diagnosis and change, is frequently neglected. In the preparation stage, organizational consultants must deal with resistance by creating conditions for the consideration of the…

Upward Bound is a federally funded program designed to motivate and prepare selected high school students for a successful college education. Of the 54 students participating in the Keene State College Upward Bound Summer program, 35 received instruction in career planning and decision making (CDM). The remaining 19 students formed the comparison…

The paper consists of a review of 24 studies on mental retardation published in two Soviet journals between 1970 and 1980. An introductory section focuses on the theoretical framework for mental retardation research in the Soviet Union with a differentiation between oligophrenics (who have organic brain damage) and the intellectually backward (or…

This document notes that the traditional elementary school mathematics curriculum focused on computation. Data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress and other tests in states where minimum competencies have been established are thought to indicate computation-oriented curriculum has not produced the desired results. Further, the…

Initially, many children use language with enthusiasm and apparent ease, but this lively use of language is sharply curtailed shortly after they begin school. This can be attributed to teachers' monopolizing continued discourse. A study explored the idea that increased student oral participation by more students at a higher level of thinking would…

Teachers in elementary schools, supervisors of instruction, and other educational practitioners are the primary audience for this publication. The paper presents philosophical, psychological, and practical reasons for including a problem-solving approach in elementary school instruction. It draws on the writings of John Dewey, Jean Piaget, James…

This publication presents a planning model for and provides examples of a unit teaching approach for helping middle school students develop social responsibility. The authors believe that if the middle school is to be effective in providing sound educational experiences designed to contribute to the development of the total individual, instruction…

The achievement of bilingualism appears to have positive consequences for the bilingual child, enhancing universal aspects of cognitive functioning available to all normal children. However, little is yet known about the interaction between educational treatment and the input factors the bilingual child brings to the situation. Focusing on the…

Presented, in abridged form, are recommendations found in "An Agenda for Action," for special note by secondary school administrators as they carry out their responsibilities for curriculum development and coordination. It is felt that school administrators and curriculum supervisors often have neither the time nor the opportunity to…

This book brings together seven presentations from a conference on inservice teacher education and the results of the deliberations of five task forces on aspects of inservice in British Columbia. The first speaker noted the ironic fact that staff development programs for teachers often violate the best known theories about training by not using a…

In outlining futures techniques that can be used by school administrators for creative planning, this paper discusses several small group exercises. These include the "Six by Six" technique, in which a large group breaks up into six small groups for six minute discussions; the "PNT Approach," in which the length of each…

Intended as a guide for educators in shared decision-making, this report summarizes the structures, procedures, and activities of local action teams in 49 schools involved in the National Institute of Education's Research and Development Utilization (RDU) program. Local action teams in the RDU program consisted of formal groups of teachers and…

The strength of communities is defined by the ways in which people help each other, and provide information, emotional support or other resources to those who have problems or who want to change or improve their lives in some way. The Helping Network Study focuses on the the quality of community, on the parts of helping systems that people use…