Purpose: This study examined the relationship between utterance length, syntactic complexity, and the probability of making an error at the utterance level. Method: The participants in this study included 830 Spanish-speaking first graders who were learning English at school. Story retells in both Spanish and English were collected from all…

This study investigates whether infants are sensitive to backward and forward transitional probabilities within temporal and spatial visual streams. Two groups of 8-month-old infants were familiarized with an artificial grammar of shapes, comprising backward and forward base pairs (i.e. two shapes linked by strong backward or forward transitional…

"p" values are commonly reported in quantitative research, but are often misunderstood and misinterpreted by research consumers. Our aim in this article is to provide special educators with guidance for appropriately interpreting "p" values, with the broader goal of improving research consumers' understanding and interpretation…

Although students' understanding of frequency information presented in two-way tables was first explored in the 1990s, there is a surprising lack of research in this area. Furthermore, researchers and practitioners continue to highlight students' difficulties in comprehending probability including concepts related to conditioning. Using an…

Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is a training algorithm for Single-Layer Feed-forward Neural Network (SLFN). The difference in theory of ELM from other training algorithms is in the existence of explicitly-given solution due to the immutability of initialed weights. In practice, ELMs achieve performance similar to that of other state-of-the-art…

The Monte Carlo method is one of the basic simulation statistical methods which can be used both to demonstrate basic probability and statistical concepts as well as to analyse the behaviour stochastic models. The introduction part of the article provides a brief description of the Monte Carlo method. The main part of the article is concentrated…

Most studies on the effects of tracks during secondary education focus on specific short-term academic performance indicators. This study compared the effects of tracks on long-term unemployment from 1995 to 2015, using a Flemish longitudinal cohort study (4,333 students in 54 schools). Tracks in Flanders have a hierarchy in mean academic ability.…

The question of whether the potential short-term advantages of vocational qualifications are offset by disadvantages in later life is an important issue for policy debates. This paper analyses how the choice of vocational or general upper-secondary education affects future prospects of participation in non-formal education (NFE). It presents a…

This study aims to analyse the approaches to probability that were carried out by the participants of the teaching practice of Primary Education teachers and, more specifically, their teaching trajectories. To do this we analysed 23 video-recorded classes of all levels, using a previously validated instrument. Results show trajectories…

In quantum mechanics, probability amplitudes are complex numbers and the relative phases between the terms in superposition states have measurable effects. This article describes an investigation into sophomore- and junior-level students' reasoning patterns in relating relative phases and real-world quantum phenomena. The investigation involved…

Equiprobability bias (EB) is one of the frequently observed misconceptions in probability education in K-12 and can be affected by a problem context. As future teachers, preservice teachers need to have a stable understanding of probability and to have the knowledge to identify EB in their students regardless of the problem context. However, there…

This article examines how teachers unions affect teachers' well-being under various legal institutions. Using a district-teacher matched data set, this study identifies the union effects by three approaches. First, I contrast teacher outcomes across different state laws toward unions. Second, I compare the union-nonunion differentials within the…

As the Global Education Reform Movement (GERM) spreads, key questions that attempt to identify both the nature and the increasing scope and scale of this phenomenon become empirically significant. The concern of this article is to highlight some of the complexities of measuring one key element of the GERM: the privatisation of public education…

In this dissertation, I examine various factors shaping students' trajectories and opportunities later in life. In Chapter 1, I explore the role of grade retention policies. Grade retention as a remedial policy is controversial because the benefits of extra instruction time may not outweigh its costs. Previous research has primarily examined…

Meta-analyses often include only a small number of studies ([less than or equal to]5). Estimating between-study heterogeneity is difficult in this situation. An inaccurate estimation of heterogeneity can result in biased effect estimates and too narrow confidence intervals. The beta-binominal model has shown good statistical properties for…