Randomized controlled trials are not always feasible in educational research, so researchers must use alternative methods to study treatment effects. Propensity score matching is one such method for observational studies that has shown considerable growth in popularity since it was first introduced in the early 1980s. This paper outlines the…

In a study exploring how organizational identification impacted college retention and performance outcomes at a university in the United States, we found the mere act of taking the survey emerged as an unexpectedly strong result. Using propensity score matching, we found that those who took the voluntary survey during the first week of school were…

In this digital ITEMS module, Dr. Roy Levy describes Bayesian approaches to psychometric modeling. He discusses how Bayesian inference is a mechanism for reasoning in a probability-modeling framework and is well-suited to core problems in educational measurement: reasoning from student performances on an assessment to make inferences about their…

High probability request (high-"p") sequences, based on the momentum of behavior principle, have been an effective intervention for improving compliance and work completion for students who display challenging behaviors. They have been portrayed as a low-intensity intervention because of being perceived as simple, clear, and easy for any…

Word spacing is important in guiding eye movements during spaced alphabetic reading. Chinese is unspaced and it remains unclear as to how Chinese readers segment and identify words in reading. We conducted two parallel experiments to investigate whether the positional probabilities of the initial and the final characters of a multicharacter word…

The Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) is the most widely used norm-referenced creativity test used in gifted identification. Although commonly used for identifying talent, little is known about how creativity tests, like the TTCT-Figural, contribute to the probability of being identified as gifted especially with underrepresented…

This study examines the long-term relation between an Integrated Student Support (ISS) intervention and postsecondary enrollment and completion for predominantly low-income students of color. We use propensity score weighting to estimate the relation between receiving ISS during elementary school and postsecondary outcomes for 2009-2017 high…

This study examines Mood, Modality, and Attitude as a part of Appraisal theory in the Editorial News of the "Sydney Morning Herald" Interpersonal Meta function Analysis. Three methods were used, including (1) Indicative (Declarative and Interrogative) mood, (2) Modalization (Indicative Type), Probability (may be) and Usuality…

This case study carried out during the 2020 coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown used online data collection means to investigate the distribution of cognitive demand levels of probability and counting principles (PCP) learning tasks in a popular online Grade 12 mathematics textbook, based on the PCP teachers' rating. The teachers'…

Probability signifies a mainstream strand in mathematics curricula. Nonetheless, many curricular documents prepared for teachers might not offer enough support. In such a situation, a further reflection on teachers' professional knowledge for teaching probability is demanded; especially, from the perspective of probabilistic reasoning (PoPR) that…

The COVID-19 pandemic drew new attention to the role of school boards in the U.S. In this paper, we examine school districts' choices of learning modality -- whether and when to offer in-person, virtual, or hybrid instruction -- over the course of the 2020-21 pandemic school year. The analysis takes advantage of granular weekly data on learning…

Understanding a Bayesian perspective demands comfort with conditional probability and with probabilities that appear to change as we acquire additional information. This paper suggests a simple context in conditional probability that helps develop the understanding students would need for a successful introduction to Bayesian reasoning.

This paper investigated the performance of a propensity score analysis by a simulation study that involved using 12 covariates consisting of 3 different variable types. The three types of covariates included covariates related only to the outcome measure, covariates related only to assignment of treatment, and covariates related to both outcome…

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of social support and self-regulated learning on the learning outcomes in Islamic Education courses in the Management of Islamic Education, Faculty of Tarbiyah State Islamic State Institute for Islamic Studies of Madura. To achieve the purpose, the researcher used quantitative research method. The…

Aside from being culturally relevant, artificial intelligence is also supporting companies in making business decisions. Consequently, "workforce needs have shifted rapidly," resulting in a demand for applicants who are skilled in "data, analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence" (Miller and Hughes 2017). This…