This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on flipped language classrooms from the perspectives of theoretical foundations, learning activities, tools, research topics and findings based on an analysis of 34 published articles. The results indicate that various research methods (e.g., tests, surveys, and interviews) were applied in…

Virtual reality (VR) for Language learning has been shown effective in improving students' communication skills. However very few studies reveal the communication strategies students used in communicating in a VR environment, especially in learning Chinese as a foreign or second language (CFL/CSL). In this pilot study, a prototype Virtual…

Recent global social unrest--anti-Asian violence in particular--was a wake-up call compelling Chinese language teachers to not only reflect on their emotions but also actively incorporate social justice in their curriculum and instruction. Yet, research on social justice in Chinese language classrooms is scarce. Building on recent work on teacher…

This study aimed at investigating when, and for which purposes, teachers and pupils translanguaged in a third-grade classroom [8-9 year olds] in a private bilingual school in northern Portugal. It also aimed at highlighting effective scaffolding strategies developed by the teachers in the Natural and Social Sciences (NSS) and English Language (EL)…

Speaking anxiety is a form of foreign language anxiety which may reduce students' willingness to communicate orally. Despite accent being one of the most salient aspects of speech, there has been little research to date on the relationship between non-native accent and speaking anxiety. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine English…

This study looks into the affective factors influencing students' experiences in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) at the beginning of bilingual secondary education (at the age of 11-12), when being streamed into two strands with a different degree of exposure to CLIL, depending on their linguistic competence. Results were drawn from…

The influential role of parents has long been acknowledged as a key contributor to children's bilingual development. Parents' home-based informal efforts to foster children's bilingual abilities are described as family language policies (FLPs). The important connection between bilingualism and FLP has been established, but to date there are few…

Previous experimental work shows that negation processing can be direct in bipolar contexts where positive/negative states of affairs can be expressed by available lexical opposites (remember/forget) in monolingual speakers. However, in a unipolar context where such opposites are not available (sing/not sing), the processing first proceeds through…

The cognate advantage in bilingual children varies in strength across groups and individuals, in particular on receptive measures (e.g. picture-identification). This variation may be due to children's developing ability to benefit from cognates in such tasks, yet longitudinal studies of this phenomenon, especially with older children, are rare.…

This study aims to establish a model of collaboration that illustrates the various channels of collaboration that (trainee) translators go through in the course of translation, who they collaborate with, and why they choose to do so. To this end, it draws on an in-depth analysis of 21 medium-length Wikipedia articles translated by undergraduate…

This research study seeks to examine the shift in politeness methods employed by Javanese woman characters in the English translation of Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Indonesian novel Gadis Pantai. The original Indonesian version and its English translation were used to collect the data. As the politeness strategies of Javanese woman characters in the…

In linguistically diverse contexts, language repertoires include various literacy skills in multiple languages across different modes of representation (multiliteracies), where multilingual writing can be conceptualized as a synthesized competence that includes all languages in a person's repertoire and is continuously evolving. We respond to the…

Unlike traditional methods, the communicative approaches draw on implicit and incidental ways of learning and contextualised exercises of grammar which improve language performance in terms of fluency and communicative competence. However, the discursive plan implies the use of high-level units of knowledge and the automatization of low-level…

Digital literacy skills are crucial twenty-first-century skills that are required for the successful use of technology and active engagement in today's world. However, there is a lack of effective resources and guidelines for developing English as a second language (ESL) learners' digital literacy skills. Due to their increasingly important and…

The purpose of this review is to examine the effects of automated writing evaluation (AWE) feedback on students' English writing performance. We systematically reviewed studies that have empirically focused on this purpose. This review uses several combinations of key words to search in the databases of JSTOR, SSCI, and ERIC for peer-reviewed…