This essay, the concluding section of a larger study, examines the present state of cognitive science and instructional theory as reflected in the study's earlier chapters. Cognitive analyses of tasks are reported in the broad domain of language comprehension and production (e.g., understanding, composing, and answering questions about texts). The…

Cognitive perspective-taking has attracted considerable attention in the mainstream developmental literature, and is most commonly studied under the rubric of Theory of Mind. The current article reviews the levels of understanding of informational states that are believed to underlie cognitive perspective-taking from this conceptual framework. An…

A study was conducted to derive an Occupation Analysis Inventory (OAI) based hierarchical occupational cluster structure which could provide the framework and content for developing an information system applicable to occupational exploration and guidance. (The OAI is an instrument containing 622 work elements which are descriptions of work…

This research used multidimensional scaling (MDS) and a clustering technique described by Ward and Hook to discover the underlying dimensionality of tasks associated with the Army recruiter and guidance counselor jobs. Within the project a recruiter/guidance counselor task list was developed and 101 USAREC personnel familiar with these two jobs…

This paper outlines the decision-making processes and procedures that affect curriculum and identifies the leadership role of different school personnel and the steps involved in making decisions. The following areas of curriculum planning are discussed: (1) what is to be taught to different learners and in what order; (2) what textbooks, media,…

A review of the literature related to methods for analyzing content or tasks prior to instructional development is presented. The review classifies methods according to a two-dimensional matrix. The first dimension differentiates phases of analysis, each dealing with content and tasks of a particular scope and each generating certain…

Fifty-eight credentialed school psychologists in 10 school districts were interviewed individually about background and training, professional duties, favored clinical techniques, and opinions and recommendations for improved services. Bulk of time was devoted to activities related to assessment of pupils with little involvement in research,…

Black and white kindergarten and second-grade children were tested for accuracy of detection and recognition of orientation and location changes in pictures of real-world and geometric figures. The purpose was to test children's ability to detect and remember objects in a visual display. (Author/CS)

A systems approach was used to assess, remediate, and/or develop compensatory strategies in learning disabled college students. The approach consisted of four components: an analysis of the educational task, preparation of criterion measures, preparation of behavioral objectives, and preparation of instructional sequences. A task analysis was…

This staff guide is designed for personnel responsible for on-the-job training of work-related topics. Emphasis is given to the development of the basic skills of identifying instructional needs, specifying objectives, planning instruction, locating support materials, conducting instruction, and evaluating performance. Instructional activities…

This staff guide accompanies a ten-unit workshop designed to assist supervisors and other personnel responsible for training to strengthen and expand instructional effectiveness. Skills addressed include: designing instructional objectives, evaluating achievement, choosing instructional strategies, utilizing media, and managing instruction. The…

The systematic development of horticulture curriculum for Indiana was the focus of this research project which validated a job task list for use in instructional material development. The job title catalog, A Landscape Gardener, was selected from those currently available through the Vocational-Technical Consortium of States (V-TECS) program. A…

The learning machine described in this paper acquires concepts representable as conjunctive forms of the predicate calculus and behaviors representable as productions (antecedent-consequent pairs of such conjunctive forms): these concepts and behavior rules are inferred from sequentially presented pairs of examples by an algorithm that is probably…

A distinction is made between program evaluation and project evaluation. The former is used to determine the effectiveness of a particular program or to compare programs. The latter is used in the initial stages of program development to define and monitor progress; to identify problems at an early stage; to record what is done and why; and to…

The training requirements analysis model (TRAMOD) described in this report represents an important portion of the larger effort called the Digital Avionics Information System (DAIS) Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Study. TRAMOD is the second of three models that comprise an LCC impact modeling system for use in the early stages of system development. As…