The authors investigated the differences between 8-year-olds (n = 80) and adults (n = 80) in recognition of felt versus faked enjoyment smiles by using a newly developed picture set that is based on the Facial Action Coding System. The authors tested the effect of different facial action units (AUs) on judgments of smile authenticity. Multiple…

How have university institutions generally tackled the fight against scientific fraud? We intend to throw light on the very process of public disclosure of scientific fraud, as it has transformed in the last 30 years within the framework of scientific research institutions. By focusing our analysis on the "denunciation process", we intend to refer…

As a professor of English at Diablo Valley College in northern California where she teaches a variety of writing and literature courses, the author finds her students' essays so often lack not only shape and drama, but the ring of emotional truth as well. Their "life" stories are lifeless and their "true" stories sound somehow…

One might say that people bitterly detest "academic corruption" and call it immoral and dishonest academic conduct, and that the deliberate falsification, covert plagiarism, and empty rhetoric employed by certain scholars when expounding their theories and the various means they use when attempting to get their works published and…

The investigations of student-loan programs around the country echo previous scandals in the financial world involving stock offerings and mutual funds. The relationships between lenders and financial-aid officers seem to raise the same questions about impropriety, conflict of interest, and possible fraud. Indeed, lessons from Wall Street can…

This book probes the efforts at manipulation individuals face daily in this information age and the tactics of persuaders from many sectors of society using various forms of Orwellian "doublespeak." The book contains the following essays: (1) "Notes toward a Definition of Doublespeak" (William Lutz); (2) "Truisms Are True:…

Focuses on understanding mental models people develop for judging veracity. Hypothesizes that individual differences in models predict participants' attributions and confidence in making attributions. Indicates that participants' mental models for detecting deception are detailed, changing, and idiosyncratic, varying in structure and degree of…

Three-year olds participated in a deceptive action as part of another person's false-belief test. Found that children who had strategically planned a deception were better at answering questions about another's false beliefs than children who had merely watched the deceptive action. This effect was not found when children performed the same action…

Finds that, in situations involving conflict inherent in professional truth-telling/deception dilemmas, nurses' choices of a conflict management strategy are importantly influenced by characteristics of professional role, and organizational situation. (SR)

Adduces a number of considerations that challenge the neutralist thesis of propaganda and which, at the same time, serve to substantiate the belief that propaganda is something wrong. Argues that a theory of propaganda, adequately considered, can and should include a broad ethical determination of propaganda. (NH)

Tests four alternative models of veracity judgment including a normative expectation model, an expectancy model, an expectancy violation sufficient model, a model based on Expectancy Violation Theory, and a norm violation model. Provides additional evidence of the primacy of behavior over prior expectations in the evaluation of face to face…

Proposes a theory of information poverty based on four concepts that serve as the basis for defining an impoverished life-world: risk taking, secrecy, deception, and situational relevance. A conceptual framework that links the world of the information-poor, the outsiders, with a world of insiders, is developed. Contains 64 references. (Author/LRW)

Three studies examined whether preschoolers' difficulties with deception and false belief arise from lack of inhibitory control rather than conceptual deficit. Found that 3-year olds deceived frequently under conditions requiring relatively low inhibitory control, but not high inhibitory control. Findings were not due to social intimidation, and…

Three experiments examined 3- to 5-year-olds' use of eye gaze cues to infer truth in a deceptive situation. Children watched a video of an actor who hid a toy in 1 of 3 cups. In Experiments 1 and 2, the actor claimed ignorance about the toy's location but looked toward 1 of the cups, without (Experiment 1) and with (Experiment 2) head movement. In…

There is little experimental evidence that any non-human species is capable of purposefully attempting to manipulate the psychological states of others deceptively (e.g., manipulating what another sees). We show here that chimpanzees, one of humans' two closest primate relatives, sometimes attempt to actively conceal things from others.…