Two studies involving 333 military recruits investigate individual differences in time-accuracy functions of inspection time (IT) in terms of psychological models. Two alternative interpretations of IT time-accuracy functions (processing-distraction and processing-speed, and pure processing-speed "cascade" models) are considered in…

Argues primarily that metacognition is an important part of human abilities, which are, in turn, forms of developing expertise. If the goal is to understand the basis of individual differences in student academic success, metacognition needs to be understood as representing part of the abilities that lead to student expertise, but only as part.…

Discusses themes that relate to the connections between first- and second-language acquisition. Specific focus is on the following issues: whether there is a language instinct; what input could and does teach the child; rules and representations (i.e., how language resides in the individual); individual differences in language acquisition; and…

Explores how interaction within an organization facilitates or hinders creation of "communities of difference." Examines how constructing a sense of "we" or "they" may be rigid or exclusive, thus hindering community building. Offers examples from school settings and recommendations for promoting inclusion of…

Delineates small-scale contract-research principles predicated on an understanding of social justice and of research purposes, epistemological issues, and possibilities for ethical and political action. Principles embrace improvement, knowledge and learning, changed belief systems, collaboration and consultation, openness to other communities,…

Used weekly-obtained longitudinal observational data of infant crying, fretting/fussing, and smiling and the time spent in physical contact with mother to examine behavioral variability over a 15-month period. Found evidence of an important intraindividual variability between newborn and 5 months, and 5 and 10 months, but not between 10 and 15…

Explores G. Hall's (1904) view that adolescence is a period of heightened storm and stress in light of contemporary research, focusing on (1) conflict with parents; (2) mood disruptions; and (3) risk behavior. In all these areas, evidence supports a modified storm-and-stress view that takes into account individual differences and cultural…

Compares young and older adults' production of complex syntactic structures in Russian. Finds that content and fluency in Russian were associated with Russian vocabulary knowledge and influenced by educational level and knowledge of English and other languages and that working-memory limitations affect the use of clause and word order variations…

Three experiments examined the hypothesis that individual differences in look-duration during infancy covary with different modes of visual intake and encoding, with longer look-durations reflecting encoding based on prolonged inspection of local visual properties, and briefer durations reflecting encoding based on a global, or global-to-local…

Presents a brief historical overview of research in individual differences in the context of virtual environments. Highlights the notion of structure in the perception of individual users of an information system and the role of individuals' abilities to recognize and use such structures to perform various information-intensive tasks. (Author/LRW)

Argues that Wade's Male Reference Group Identity Dependence Theory seems to cover familiar groups in respect to gender issues. Also holds that Wade's theory is not sensitive enough to individual differences. Discusses the status of the groups in the study. Offers suggestions for future research. (MKA)

Interviews were conducted with 263 licensed users of training software, 68 of whom had used computer-based training (CBT), instructor-led training, and video tutorials. Videos were deemed the least useful. Instructor-led training had the most feedback and media richness, but CBT was an effective low-cost alternative. (SK)

The latency and amplitude of the P300, an event-related potential, during the performance of a memory-scanning task were used as indices of the efficiency of information processing that may mediate individual differences in intelligence. Results with 61 female college students contradict a pure speed of processing explanation of the relationship…

Detracking alone is not the best means of raising student achievement. Students with different abilities, interests, and motivation levels should be offered differentiated instruction that meets their individual needs. Unfortunately, only a small number of teachers employ differentiation in their classrooms. Training and instructional grouping…

Studied the effects of adolescent employment on grades in academic courses and the extent to which grades might influence employment behaviors using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988. Findings contained no evidence of short-term or long-term effects on grades, or that grades affect employment activities. Pre-existing…