The recommendation to use group means when there may be nonindependence among observational units is unduly restrictive. When random factors are properly identified and included in the analysis, the results are identical in balanced analysis of variance designs, irrespective of whether group means or individual observations are employed.…

In two experiments, a probe technique required subjects to respond when the digit 7 appeared in one of five-letter positions in words or nonwords, inserted at the onset and 500 msec after letter and word processing. The focus of attention given to a letter has a smaller spatial extent. (Author/CM)

A general framework for conducting generalizability analyses is presented. Generalizability theory is extended to situations in which the objects of measurement are not persons but other factors, such as instructional objectives, stages of learning, and treatments. (Author/PN)

This chapter presents several facets of a new approach that uses generalizability theory to conduct cross-level inference in psychological and educational research. Unlike past models for cross-level research, this approach facilitates multiple-level investigations to test the external validity of results and findings. (Author/PN)

Quantitative methods for research synthesis usually involve calculation of an estimate of effect size for each of a series of studies. Some problems associated with ad hoc methods of analysis, such as ordinary least squares regression analysis using estimates of effect size, are described. (Author/JKS)

The interpretation of significant left-tailed analysis of variance (ANOVA) F-ratios is supported by considering the case of a fixed effects ANOVA model. The conclusions of this case are generalizable to other standard ANOVA models. (Author/PN)

A model of association formation, storage, and retrieval is described. Experiments which test new predictions derived from the model against human recall are reported. The model is applied to previous findings: prototype abstraction, the A-B A-D paradigm and the Osgood transfer surface. Previous models of memory are discussed. (Author/RD)

Presents a mathematical model concerning the implicit risks to employers and employees of investing in on-the-job training (OJT). Suggests how to reduce OJT risks through "training insurance," where risks are pooled among employers and employees, and discusses more efficient contracts, losses due to layoffs, and OJT technology improvement.…

Proposes a model for evaluating state equalization aid formulas, accounting for municipal overburden and tradeoffs between expenditures and taxes. Tests the model using the Michigan state aid formula. Results relate elasticities to spending and tax levels and suggest that relatively unrestricted guaranteed tax base formulas can work. (PGD)

The use of continuous simulation is promoted as a teaching tool in the undergraduate curriculum. Simulation, advances in continuous simulation, an approach to teaching system dynamics, computer languages deemed suitable for continuous simulation, and an outline of a prototypic first course in continuous simulation are presented. (MP)

Eight formula-based estimates of population squared cross-validity and nine estimates of factor scores were compared with estimates from the conventional cross-validation procedure. Burket's and Rozeboom's formula-based estimates of population squared cross-validity in combination with a factor score method offer the most for practitioners…

A theoretical 18-link model of the human body was designed as a sex-generalized predictor of segmental inertial parameters. Body measurements of 40 male and female subjects from 6 to 35 years of age were used. The results were similar to those reported in other studies and the photogrammetric procedure was found to be facilitative. (Authors/JN)

When either regression models or subjectively-weighted models are used as aids in making placement decisions, the discriminant validity of these models is questioned. The validity of several regression models and of subjectively weighted models was investigated in two experiments. (Author/JKS)

LISREL V computer program is applied to a weak quasi-experimental design involving the Head Start program, as a multiple analysis attempt to assure that differences between nonequivalent control groups do not confound interpretation of a posteriori differences. (PN)