The aim of this study was to examine the precision of item parameter estimation in different sample sizes and test lengths under three parameter logistic model (3PL) item response theory (IRT) model, where the trait measured by a test was not normally distributed or had a skewed distribution. In the study, number of categories (1-0), and item…

If K-12 students are to be fully integrated as active participants in their own learning, understanding how they interpret formative assessment feedback is needed. The objective of this article is to advance three claims about why teachers and assessment scholars/specialists may have little understanding of students' interpretation of formative…

Purpose: Management education trainers are increasingly called upon to train students to devise interventions for sustainable development in business settings. Due to the dominant reductionist paradigm, these interventions may lead to unwanted side effects. Teaching students about unacknowledged feedback loops in complex systems should prevent…

Scoring divergent-thinking response sets has always been challenging because such responses are not only open-ended in terms of number of ideas, but each idea may also be expressed by a varying number of concepts and, thus, by a varying number of words (elaboration). While many current studies have attempted to score the semantic distance in…

Traditionally, multiple choice assessments are graded in a dichotomous manner, where selecting the correct option for a question awards 1 point and the selection of an incorrect option awards 0 points. As a result of this grading scheme, all incorrect response options are treated as being equally incorrect regardless of potential differences in…

Rearranging response options in different versions of a test of multiple-choice items can be an effective strategy against cheating on the test. This study investigated if rearranging response options would affect item performance and test score comparability. A study test was assembled as the base version from which 3 variant versions were…

Disengaged responding is a phenomenon that often biases observed scores from achievement tests and surveys in practically and statistically significant ways. This problem has led to the development of methods to detect and correct for disengaged responses on both achievement test and survey scores. One major disadvantage when trying to detect…

Retrieval practice relative to restudy of learned material typically attenuates time-dependent forgetting. A recent study examining this testing effect across 12-h delays filled with nocturnal sleep versus daytime wakefulness, however, showed that sleep directly following encoding benefited recall of restudied but not of retrieval practiced items,…

The present study explores the issue of why ambiguous words are recognized faster than unambiguous ones during word recognition. To this end we contrasted two different hypotheses: the "semantic feedback" hypothesis (Hino and Lupker in J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 22:1331-1356, 1996. https://doi-org.bibliotheek.ehb.be/10.1037/0096-1523.22.6.1331), and…

How do research participants feel about having their 'ordinary' lives researched? This article focuses on how research participants manage the sharing of details emerging "out of" their ordinary lives in the context of research -- an activity which, for most, is "outside of" the ordinary. Despite two significant research turns…

Recent studies documented that the act of writing explanations improves students' learning only to a limited extent, as students attend less frequently to genre-typical features of comprehensibility during writing explanations (i.e., cohesion). In this study, we investigated whether learning by writing explanations can be enhanced when students…

Purpose: In team sports, players have to manage personal interests and group goals, emphasizing intricacies between personal and social identities. The focus of this article was to examine the effect of identity mechanisms on appraisal processes, based on the following research question: Does the level of self-abstraction (low [personal identity]…

Among a sample of counseling students, results from hierarchical regression and mediation analyses indicated that attachment anxiety led to an increase in use of cognitive distortions, contributing to increased difficulty with corrective feedback during clinical supervision. Findings implicate a need for awareness of attachment patterns among…

Although common among children learning to walk, persistent toe walking can cause physical harm due to inefficient gate, and, in some cases, result in negative social interactions such as teasing and bullying. In addition, although toe walking is often associated with a variety of neurological and developmental conditions, toe walking also occurs…

As computing has become an integral part of our world, demand for teaching computational thinking in K-12 has increased. One of its basic competences is programming, often taught by learning activities without a predefined solution using block-based visual programming languages. Automatic assessment tools can support teachers with their assessment…